Figure 3.

Ideal complementary roles of responses to climate change. The vertical Y axis represents three different but roughly proportional variables. Emissions abatement is slow and cannot reduce greenhouse gas concentrations over time. CDR is also slow but can reduce them over time. Solar geoengineering would not affect greenhouse gas concentrations but could rapidly reduce climate change, such as by ‘shaving the peak’ of dangerous climate change. Adaptation does not affect climate change but can reduce impacts. Author's rendition based on John Shepherd's ‘napkin diagram’ [41].