Table 4.
Comparison of the H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative groups
| Variable | H. pylori positive (n=1415) | H. pylori Negative (n=2138) | OR [95% C.I] | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender F:M† | 682 (48.3%)/731 (51.7%) | 1152 (53.9%)/986 (46.1%) | 1.252 [1.095-1.433] | 0.001 |
| Age (Mean±SD) | 11.70 2.56 | 10.96 2.56 | 0.894 [0.870-0.918] | < 0.001 |
| Region | ||||
| Center | 224 (15.9%) | 197 (9.2%) | 1.86 [1.513-2.278] | < 0.001 |
| East | 399 (28.2%) | 709 (33.2%) | 0.79 [0.685-0.918] | 0.002 |
| North | 245 (17.3%) | 493 (23.1%) | 0.7 [0.59-0.83] | < 0.001 |
| South | 225 (15.9%) | 239 (11.2%) | 1.5 [1.237-1.831] | <0.001 |
| West | 309 (21.9%) | 484 (22.6%) | 0.96 [0.814-1.124] | 0.575 |
| Unknown | 11 (0.8%) | 1.11 [0.509-2.425] | 0.795 | |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Poor appetite | 284 (20.1%) | 468 (21.9%) | 0.9 [0.761-1.059] | 0.194 |
| Abdominal distension | 108 (7.6%) | 170 (8.0%) | 0.96 [0.745-1.232] | 0.721 |
| Diarrhea | 97 (6.9%) | 123 (5.8%) | 1.21 [0.917-1.59] | 0.182 |
| Constipation | 128 (9.1%) | 222 (10.4%) | 0.86 [0.684-1.081] | 0.190 |
| Abdominal pain | 340 (24.1%) | 537 (25.1%) | 0.94 [0.808-1.105] | 0.461 |
| Vomiting | 76 (5.4%) | 117 (5.5%) | 0.98 [0.73-1.321] | 0.896 |
| Socioeconomic class | ||||
| Low socioeconomic status | 145 (10.3%) | 134 (6.3%) | 1.71 [1.338-2.185] | 0.001 |
| Lower middle socioeconomic status | 598 (42.3%) | 722 (33.7%) | 1.44 [1.253-1.653] | <0.001 |
| Higher middle socioeconomic status | 564 (39.9%) | 1040 (48.6%) | 0.7 [0.612-0.804] | < 0.001 |
| Higher socioeconomic status | 106 (7.5%) | 242 (11.3%) | 0.64 [0.5-0.807] | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic indicators | ||||
| Education level (both parents) | ||||
| Empty | 14 (1.0%) | 16 (0.7%) | 1.33 [0.646-2.728] | 0.442 |
| Illiterate | 85 (6.0%) | 72 (3.4%) | 1.84 [1.332-2.533] | <0.001 |
| Primary | 197 (13.9%) | 174 (8.1%) | 1.83 [1.473-2.27] | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 214 (15.1%) | 264 (12.3%) | 1.27 [1.043-1.539] | 0.018 |
| High school | 399 (28.2%) | 583 (27.3%) | 1.05 [0.903-1.219] | 0.544 |
| Bachelor | 410 (29.0%) | 857 (40.1%) | 0.61 [0.529-0.706] | <0.001 |
| Doctorate/Master | 94 (6.7%) | 172 (8.0%) | 0.81 [0.628-1.057] | 0.120 |
| Family income ($) | ||||
| Empty | 57 (4.0%) | 103 (4.8%) | 0.83 [0.597-1.156] | 0.267 |
| No income | 84 (5.9%) | 97 (4.5%) | 1.33 [0.985-1.796] | 0.063 |
| <1500 | 293 (20.7%) | 318 (14.9%) | 1.5 [1.256-1.784] | <0.001 |
| 1500-2500 | 452 (32.0%) | 585 (27.4%) | 1.25 [1.078-1.446] | 0.003 |
| 2500-5000 | 354 (25.1%) | 713 (33.3%) | 0.67 [0.575-0.776] | <0.001 |
| 5000-8000 | 114 (8.1%) | 213 (10.0%) | 0.79 [0.625-1.006] | 0.054 |
| >8000 | 59 (4.2%) | 109 (5.1%) | 0.81 [0.587-1.122] | 0.202 |
| Residential | ||||
| Empty | 27 (1.9%) | 29 (1.4%) | 1.42 [0.835-2.403] | 0.196 |
| Traditional small house | 234 (16.6%) | 196 (9.2%) | 1.97 [1.605-2.409] | <0.001 |
| Apartment | 461 (32.6%) | 692 (32.4%) | 1.01 [0.877-1.168] | 0.894 |
| Villa | 684 (48.4%) | 1207 (56.5%) | 0.72 [0.632-0.828] | <0.001 |
| Palace | 7 (0.5%) | 14 (0.7%) | 0.76 [0.304-1.876] | 0.542 |
| Number of family members | ||||
| ≤5 | 323 (22.9%) | 564 (26.4%) | 0.83 [0.707-0.968] | 0.017 |
| 6-10 | 899 (63.6%) | 1383 (64.7%) | 0.95 [0.83-1.098] | 0.483 |
| ≥11 | 191 (13.5%) | 191 (8.9%) | 1.59 [1.288-1.971] | <0.001 |
| Growth parameters | ||||
| Weight <3rd percentiles (Underweight) % | 172 (12.2%) | 258 (12.1%) | 1.010 [0.822-1.241] | 0.937 |
| Height <3rd percentile (short stature) % | 192 (13.6%) | 239 (11.2%) | 1.249 [1.020-1.531] | 0.033* |
| BMI <3rd percentile (%) | 171 (12.1%) | 244 (11.4%) | 1.069 [0.868-1.316] | 0.557 |
| Weight Z-score (Mean±S.D) | -0.165±1.500 | -0.135±1.448 | 0.954 [0.822-1.108] | 0.537 |
| BMI Z-score (Mean±S.D) | -0.0182±1.77 | -0.0186±1.694 | 1.074 [0.975-1.183] | 0.148 |
| Height Z-score (Mean±S.D) | -0.484±1.300 | -0.410±1.278 | 1.027 [0.924-1.141] | 0.622 |
| Age (yrs) | ||||
| ≤6 yrs | 19 (1.3%) | 70 (3.3%) | 0.4 [0.241-0.672] | < 0.001 |
| 7 yrs | 59 (4.2%) | 143 (6.7%) | 0.61 [0.445-0.83] | 0.002 |
| 8 yrs | 104 (7.4%) | 226 (10.6%) | 0.67 [0.527-0.857] | 0.448 |
| 9 yrs | 132 (9.3%) | 232 (10.9%) | 0.85 [0.676-1.06] | 0.143 |
| 10 yrs | 153 (10.8%) | 265 (12.4%) | 0.86 [0.695-1.06] | 0.152 |
| 11 yrs | 181 (12.8%) | 273 (12.8%) | 1.0 [0.821-1.227] | 0.984 |
| 12 yrs | 201 (14.2%) | 269 (12.6%) | 1.15 [0.947-1.402] | 0.162 |
| 13 yrs | 164 (11.6%) | 250 (11.7%) | 0.99 [0.804-1.223] | 0.925 |
| 14 yrs | 186 (13.2%) | 227 (10.6%) | 1.28 [1.038-1.569] | 0.021 |
| >15 yrs | 214 (15.2%) | 183 (8.5%) | 1.91 [1.546-2.352] | < 0.001 |
M=male; F=female; *After controlling for sociodemographic status, we did not find significant differences in the H. pylori positive and H. pylori negative groups (P=0.151, OR [95% CI] = 1.162 [0.946-1.428])