Figure 2.

The joint surfaces were observed macroscopically at week 8. (A) Comparison with the normal articular surface. (B) In the three-dimensional (3-D) printed polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite (PCL-HA) scaffold group, the articular surface defect was uneven. The defect failed to develop sufficient pink and white tissue, and white transparent tissue was visible in the middle of the defect. The presence of the scaffold is shown. (C) Co-cultured cells, combined with the PCL-HA scaffold, showed articular surface defects filled with opaque white tissue with some irregular tissue plaques on the surface. The red circles in the figure indicate the defects in both groups.