Effects of (a,c) sperm cryopreservation and (b,d) exposure to pathogen on (a,b) larval length at hatching and (c,d) larval growth during 14 days after hatching. The figure gives the means and 95% CI (based on family means) and the total number of larvae that could be measured per treatment group. Asterisks indicate the levels of significance (***p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; ‘n.s.’, not significant). See table 2a,c for statistics.