Table 1.
Demographics (N = 288)
| M | SD | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 51.6 | 15.5 | |
| Gender, No., % female | 179 | 62.2 | |
| Years in chronic pain | 6.0 | 9.1 | |
| Doctor’s office visits for the past 6 mo | 7.7 | 7.3 | |
| No. | % | ||
| Race/ethnicity | White/non-Hispanic | 149 | 51.7 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 33 | 11.5 | |
| Asian | 17 | 5.9 | |
| Black/African American | 6 | 2.1 | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 9 | 3.1 | |
| Others (multiracial, etc.) | 66 | 22.9 | |
| Refused/unknown | 8 | 2.8 | |
| Educations | Less than high school | 19 | 6.6 |
| High school diploma | 32 | 11.1 | |
| Some college | 78 | 27.1 | |
| Associate’s degree | 42 | 14.6 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 58 | 20.1 | |
| Master’s degree | 38 | 13.2 | |
| Professional school degree | 11 | 3.8 | |
| Doctoral degree | 9 | 3.1 | |
| Missing | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Marital status | Married | 153 | 53.1 |
| Never married | 58 | 20.1 | |
| Divorced | 38 | 13.2 | |
| Living together | 19 | 6.6 | |
| Widowed | 10 | 3.5 | |
| Separated | 8 | 2.8 | |
| Missing | 2 | 0.7 | |
| Opioid-related side effects | Constipation | 130 | 45.1 |
| Drowsiness | 80 | 27.8 | |
| Slowed thinking | 76 | 26.4 | |
| Weight gain | 48 | 16.7 | |
| Loss of sexual interest | 44 | 15.3 | |
| Nausea | 42 | 14.6 | |
| Weight loss | 26 | 9.0 | |
| Exquisite sensitivity to pain | 19 | 6.6 | |
| Other | 20 | 6.9 | |
| Smoking status | Current smoker | 39 | 13.5 |
| Current heavy smoker (>1 pack/d) | 9 | 3.1 | |
| Alcohol | Current drinker | 88 | 30.6 |
| Current binge drinker | 5 | 1.7 | |
| Street drug | Used for the past 10 y | 32 | 11.1 |
| Drug treatment | 22 | 7.6 | |