Table 2. Age-Specific CES-D Scores From Growth Curve Models for Overall Sample and by Levels of Family Cohesion in Add Health (1995-2017).
| No. of Participants/Age, y | Unconditional Curve (95% CI)a | Low Family Cohesion (95% CI)b | High Family Cohesion (95% CI)b | Low-High Cohesion Difference (95% CI)c | P Valued |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | |||||
| 276/12 | 1.57 (1.47 to 1.68) | 2.39 (2.23 to 2.54) | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) | 1.26 (1.10 to 1.42) | <.001 |
| 1429/13 | 1.62 (1.53 to 1.70) | 2.35 (2.23 to 2.48) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.28) | 1.16 (1.02 to 1.30) | <.001 |
| 2220/14 | 1.64 (1.58 to 1.71) | 2.32 (2.21 to 2.42) | 1.25 (1.19 to 1.32) | 1.06 (0.94 to 1.18) | <.001 |
| 2792/15 | 1.66 (1.60 to 1.71) | 2.27 (2.18 to 2.36) | 1.30 (1.24 to 1.36) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07) | <.001 |
| 3227/16 | 1.66 (1.61 to 1.71) | 2.22 (2.14 to 2.29) | 1.33 (1.28 to 1.39) | 0.89 (0.79 to 0.98) | <.001 |
| 3227/17 | 1.65 (1.60 to 1.70) | 2.16 (2.09 to 2.23) | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.41) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.89) | <.001 |
| 2288/18 | 1.63 (1.58 to 1.68) | 2.10 (2.04 to 2.17) | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.43) | 0.74 (0.65 to 0.82) | .002 |
| 1234/19 | 1.61 (1.56 to 1.66) | 2.04 (1.97 to 2.11) | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.43) | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.75) | .01 |
| 1093/20 | 1.58 (1.53 to 1.63) | 1.98 (1.91 to 2.05) | 1.37 (1.31 to 1.43) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) | .04 |
| 1236/21 | 1.54 (1.49 to 1.59) | 1.92 (1.85 to 1.99) | 1.36 (1.30 to 1.43) | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.64) | .11 |
| 1357/22 | 1.50 (1.45 to 1.55) | 1.86 (1.79 to 1.93) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.41) | 0.51 (0.43 to 0.60) | .22 |
| 1397/23 | 1.46 (1.41 to 1.51) | 1.80 (1.73 to 1.87) | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.40) | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.56) | .33 |
| 1120/24 | 1.41 (1.37 to 1.46) | 1.75 (1.68 to 1.82) | 1.31 (1.24 to 1.38) | 0.44 (0.35 to 0.53) | .43 |
| 663/25 | 1.37 (1.32 to 1.42) | 1.70 (1.63 to 1.77) | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36) | 0.41 (0.32 to 0.51) | .50 |
| 976/26 | 1.33 (1.28 to 1.38) | 1.65 (1.59 to 1.72) | 1.26 (1.19 to 1.33) | 0.39 (0.30 to 0.49) | .53 |
| 1151/27 | 1.30 (1.25 to 1.35) | 1.62 (1.55 to 1.69) | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.31) | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.47) | .52 |
| 1419/28 | 1.27 (1.22 to 1.32) | 1.59 (1.52 to 1.66) | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.30) | 0.37 (0.28 to 0.47) | .48 |
| 1430/29 | 1.25 (1.19 to 1.30) | 1.57 (1.50 to 1.65) | 1.20 (1.12 to 1.28) | 0.37 (0.27 to 0.47) | .42 |
| 1359/30 | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.29) | 1.57 (1.49 to 1.64) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.27) | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.48) | .34 |
| 788/31 | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.29) | 1.57 (1.49 to 1.65) | 1.18 (1.10 to 1.27) | 0.39 (0.28 to 0.49) | .26 |
| 102/32 | 1.24 (1.17 to 1.30) | 1.59 (1.50 to 1.67) | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27) | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.52) | .19 |
| 71/33 | 1.25 (1.19 to 1.32) | 1.62 (1.52 to 1.71) | 1.19 (1.10 to 1.28) | 0.43 (0.31 to 0.55) | .15 |
| 249/34 | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36) | 1.66 (1.56 to 1.77) | 1.20 (1.11 to 1.29) | 0.46 (0.33 to 0.60) | .11 |
| 301/35 | 1.34 (1.26 to 1.42) | 1.73 (1.61 to 1.84) | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | 0.50 (0.35 to 0.65) | .09 |
| 369/36 | 1.41 (1.31 to 1.50) | 1.81 (1.67 to 1.94) | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.38) | 0.54 (0.37 to 0.71) | .08 |
| 405/37 | 1.49 (1.38 to 1.60) | 1.90 (1.75 to 2.06) | 1.31 (1.18 to 1.44) | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.79) | .07 |
| 360/38 | 1.60 (1.46 to 1.73) | 2.02 (1.84 to 2.21) | 1.37 (1.22 to 1.53) | 0.65 (0.43 to 0.87) | .06 |
| 289/39 | 1.72 (1.56 to 1.89) | 2.16 (1.95 to 2.38) | 1.45 (1.26 to 1.64) | 0.71 (0.46 to 0.96) | .06 |
| 41/40 | 1.87 (1.67 to 2.08) | 2.33 (2.07 to 2.58) | 1.54 (1.31 to 1.77) | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.06) | .05 |
| Males | |||||
| 211/12 | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 1.43 (1.29 to 1.57) | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.81) | 0.72 (0.57 to 0.86) | <.001 |
| 1146/13 | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) | 1.44 (1.33 to 1.55) | 0.77 (0.70 to 0.84) | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.79) | <.001 |
| 1947/14 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 1.45 (1.36 to 1.53) | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.88) | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.73) | <.001 |
| 2547/15 | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.11) | 1.44 (1.37 to 1.52) | 0.86 (0.81 to 0.92) | 0.58 (0.49 to 0.67) | <.001 |
| 3153/16 | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | 1.44 (1.37 to 1.51) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95) | 0.54 (0.46 to 0.62) | <.001 |
| 3241/17 | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.15) | 1.43 (1.37 to 1.50) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.98) | 0.50 (0.42 to 0.57) | <.001 |
| 2384/18 | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.16) | 1.42 (1.35 to 1.49) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.01) | 0.46 (0.38 to 0.54) | .002 |
| 1210/19 | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) | 1.41 (1.34 to 1.47) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.03) | 0.43 (0.35 to 0.51) | .01 |
| 892/20 | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) | 1.39 (1.32 to 1.46) | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 0.40 (0.31 to 0.48) | .04 |
| 1020/21 | 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17) | 1.37 (1.30 to 1.44) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 0.37 (0.28 to 0.45) | .11 |
| 1296/22 | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.43) | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.08) | 0.34 (0.25 to 0.43) | .22 |
| 1328/23 | 1.11 (1.06 to 1.16) | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.41) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) | 0.31 (0.22 to 0.41) | .33 |
| 1097/24 | 1.10 (1.05 to 1.15) | 1.32 (1.24 to 1.39) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.09) | 0.29 (0.19 to 0.39) | .43 |
| 624/25 | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.14) | 1.30 (1.23 to 1.37) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 0.27 (0.17 to 0.37) | .50 |
| 763/26 | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.13) | 1.29 (1.21 to 1.36) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 0.25 (0.15 to 0.35) | .53 |
| 923/27 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.12) | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.35) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.11) | 0.24 (0.14 to 0.34) | .52 |
| 1222/28 | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11) | 1.26 (1.19 to 1.34) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.32) | .48 |
| 1311/29 | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.11) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.12) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.31) | .42 |
| 1282/30 | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.11) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.31) | .34 |
| 819/31 | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.12) | 1.26 (1.18 to 1.34) | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.15) | 0.20 (0.09 to 0.30) | .26 |
| 173/32 | 1.07 (1.01 to 1.13) | 1.27 (1.19 to 1.35) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.17) | 0.19 (0.08 to 0.31) | .19 |
| 46/33 | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.15) | 1.28 (1.20 to 1.37) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.19) | 0.19 (0.07 to 0.32) | .15 |
| 163/34 | 1.11 (1.04 to 1.18) | 1.31 (1.21 to 1.40) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 0.19 (0.05 to 0.33) | .11 |
| 198/35 | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.22) | 1.33 (1.23 to 1.43) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.26) | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.35) | .09 |
| 256/36 | 1.18 (1.09 to 1.27) | 1.37 (1.26 to 1.48) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.31) | 0.20 (0.02 to 0.38) | .08 |
| 321/37 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) | 1.42 (1.29 to 1.55) | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.38) | 0.21 (0.00 to 0.41) | .07 |
| 291/38c | 1.30 (1.16 to 1.43) | 1.47 (1.32 to 1.62) | 1.25 (1.06 to 1.45) | 0.22 (−0.02 to 0.45) | .06 |
| 205/39c | 1.37 (1.21 to 1.53) | 1.54 (1.36 to 1.72) | 1.31 (1.07 to 1.54) | 0.23 (−0.04 to 0.50) | .06 |
| 50/40c | 1.45 (1.26 to 1.65) | 1.61 (1.40 to 1.83) | 1.37 (1.09 to 1.65) | 0.24 (−0.06 to 0.55) | .05 |
Abbreviations: Add Health, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale.
a
Estimated CES-D scores were calculated from the unconditional growth curve model (ie, model 1 in eTable 4 in the Supplement for females and eTable 5 in the Supplement for males).
b
Estimated CES-D scores were calculated by low and high family cohesion (from growth curve model 3 in eTable 4 in the Supplement for females and eTable 5 in the Supplement for males).
c
The Wald test showed that the difference in CES-D scores by levels of family cohesion was not significant at α = .05.
d
The Wald test P value for the comparison of female CES-D score difference by low-high family cohesion to male CES-D score difference by low-high cohesion (results derived from equation 3 in the eMethods in the Supplement).