Figure 6.

A large-scale plastic device for ultra-high-throughput electromechanical lysis of bacterial cells for water disinfection. a–c, The large-scale device was made of ISMs, rubber sheets, and plastic plates by layer-by-layer stacking and mechanical clamping. Before the assembly, the rubber layers were grooved to have fluidic channels for electrolytes and bacterial solutions, which was divided by CEMs. The CEM-CEM distance were conserved to be same with the microchip device d, Bacterial density with or without lysis. The output without electric field seems to be the same with the input, but the most bacterial cells was removed after electromechanical lysis (over 99%). The bacterial images were obtained by collecting lysis solutions for ~10 min in each condition, and introduced the lysed solution into a straight microchannel having 25 μm height.