Table 2. Adjusted models for the association between cognitive achievement and educational attainment and height-for-age z-scores and stunting.
| Outcome → | Math score | Reading score | Grade level | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratios | Odds ratios | OLS regression coefficients | ||||
| Height-for-age | 1.117* | 1.123* | 0.142*** | |||
| (0.058) | (0.063) | (0.022) | ||||
| Stunted | 0.612* | 0.663* | -0.323*** | |||
| (0.128) | (0.132) | (0.089) | ||||
| Child age (Ref = 8 years) | ||||||
| 9 years old | 2.078*** | 2.067*** | 1.697*** | 1.683*** | 1.040*** | 1.030*** |
| (0.316) | (0.314) | (0.267) | (0.264) | (0.057) | (0.058) | |
| 10 years old | 3.222*** | 3.257*** | 2.698*** | 2.708*** | 2.049*** | 2.047*** |
| (0.500) | (0.505) | (0.405) | (0.406) | (0.057) | (0.058) | |
| 11 years old | 3.619*** | 3.650*** | 3.365*** | 3.372*** | 3.010*** | 3.003*** |
| (0.557) | (0.563) | (0.508) | (0.511) | (0.058) | (0.058) | |
| Girl | 1.467*** | 1.467*** | 2.053*** | 2.055*** | 0.099* | 0.094* |
| (0.166) | (0.166) | (0.235) | (0.236) | (0.041) | (0.042) | |
| Both biological parents in hh | 1.203 | 1.205 | 1.245 | 1.233 | -0.056 | -0.056 |
| (Ref = Only one bio. parent in hh) | (0.222) | (0.222) | (0.204) | (0.201) | (0.061) | (0.061) |
| Father’s education (Ref = Secondary education) |
||||||
| No education | 0.892 | 0.861 | 0.810 | 0.782 | -0.080 | -0.117 |
| (0.202) | (0.195) | (0.161) | (0.155) | (0.089) | (0.089) | |
| Primary education | 1.218 | 1.210 | 0.981 | 0.978 | -0.058 | -0.057 |
| (0.159) | (0.158) | (0.133) | (0.132) | (0.053) | (0.054) | |
| Post-secondary education | 1.414 | 1.424 | 1.105 | 1.115 | 0.008 | 0.021 |
| (0.349) | (0.350) | (0.298) | (0.298) | (0.096) | (0.099) | |
| Mother’s education (Ref = Secondary education) |
||||||
| No education | 0.686+ | 0.695+ | 0.867 | 0.872 | -0.117 | -0.109 |
| (0.139) | (0.142) | (0.166) | (0.167) | (0.074) | (0.076) | |
| Primary education | 1.256+ | 1.286+ | 1.440** | 1.472** | -0.088+ | -0.064 |
| (0.166) | (0.168) | (0.199) | (0.201) | (0.051) | (0.052) | |
| Post-secondary education | 2.319** | 2.356** | 2.647** | 2.705** | -0.267+ | -0.239+ |
| (0.673) | (0.676) | (0.845) | (0.854) | (0.140) | (0.142) | |
| HH income (thousands of Rupees) | 1.009 | 1.010 | 1.017* | 1.018* | -0.002 | -0.000 |
| (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
| Scheduled caste/tribe | 0.647** | 0.648** | 0.784+ | 0.786+ | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| (0.091) | (0.090) | (0.102) | (0.102) | (0.052) | (0.053) | |
| English medium school | 1.045 | 1.049 | 0.342*** | 0.345*** | -0.216*** | -0.204*** |
| (0.135) | (0.136) | (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.053) | (0.053) | |
| Worried about not having | 0.907 | 0.898 | 0.720* | 0.714* | -0.063 | -0.069 |
| sufficient food during the past month | (0.133) | (0.132) | (0.102) | (0.101) | (0.059) | (0.059) |
| Any chronic disease, or congenital | 1.138 | 1.171 | 1.166 | 1.202 | 0.219+ | 0.244* |
| or perinatal disorder | (0.317) | (0.317) | (0.432) | (0.442) | (0.114) | (0.115) |
| Constant | 3.078*** | 3.012*** | ||||
| (0.088) | (0.089) | |||||
| Observations | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 |
| R squared | 0.710 | 0.702 | ||||
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
+ p<0.1