Table 4. Adjusted models for the association between cognitive achievement and educational attainment and weight-for-age z-scores and underweight.
| Outcome → | Math score | Reading score | Grade level | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratios | Odds ratios | OLS regression coefficients | ||||
| Weight-for-age | 1.130** | 1.086+ | 0.100*** | |||
| (0.051) | (0.052) | (0.018) | ||||
| Underweight | 0.665** | 0.714* | -0.241*** | |||
| (0.088) | (0.095) | (0.052) | ||||
| Child age (Ref = 8 years) | ||||||
| 9 years old | 2.039*** | 2.035*** | 1.660** | 1.655** | 1.018*** | 1.018*** |
| (0.310) | (0.309) | (0.260) | (0.259) | (0.057) | (0.057) | |
| 10 years old | 3.183*** | 3.187*** | 2.647*** | 2.659*** | 2.030*** | 2.032*** |
| (0.494) | (0.493) | (0.396) | (0.397) | (0.057) | (0.058) | |
| 11 years old | 3.460*** | 3.517*** | 3.234*** | 3.272*** | 2.964*** | 2.976*** |
| (0.532) | (0.538) | (0.491) | (0.495) | (0.058) | (0.058) | |
| Girl | 1.427** | 1.415** | 2.010*** | 1.996*** | 0.069+ | 0.072+ |
| (0.161) | (0.160) | (0.230) | (0.229) | (0.042) | (0.042) | |
| Both biological parents in hh | 1.217 | 1.213 | 1.244 | 1.236 | -0.051 | -0.055 |
| (Ref = Only one bio parent in hh) | (0.225) | (0.224) | (0.205) | (0.202) | (0.061) | (0.061) |
| Father’s education (Ref = Secondary education) |
||||||
| No education | 0.893 | 0.886 | 0.800 | 0.800 | -0.091 | -0.102 |
| (0.202) | (0.199) | (0.158) | (0.158) | (0.089) | (0.088) | |
| Primary education | 1.208 | 1.221 | 0.976 | 0.987 | -0.061 | -0.047 |
| (0.157) | (0.159) | (0.134) | (0.134) | (0.053) | (0.053) | |
| Post-secondary education | 1.374 | 1.419 | 1.095 | 1.118 | -0.006 | 0.024 |
| (0.338) | (0.345) | (0.295) | (0.297) | (0.099) | (0.098) | |
| Mother’s education (Ref = Secondary education) |
||||||
| No education | 0.690+ | 0.692+ | 0.866 | 0.874 | -0.113 | -0.110 |
| (0.140) | (0.141) | (0.167) | (0.170) | (0.076) | (0.077) | |
| Primary education | 1.250+ | 1.260+ | 1.448** | 1.451** | -0.086+ | -0.076 |
| (0.164) | (0.165) | (0.199) | (0.199) | (0.051) | (0.051) | |
| Post-secondary education | 2.343** | 2.273** | 2.701** | 2.623** | -0.246+ | -0.259+ |
| (0.665) | (0.653) | (0.868) | (0.841) | (0.142) | (0.143) | |
| HH income (thousands of Rupees) | 1.010 | 1.010 | 1.017* | 1.017* | -0.001 | -0.001 |
| (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |
| Scheduled caste/tribe | 0.638** | 0.647** | 0.781+ | 0.789+ | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| (0.090) | (0.090) | (0.102) | (0.103) | (0.053) | (0.053) | |
| English medium school | 1.020 | 1.029 | 0.340*** | 0.340*** | -0.228*** | -0.216*** |
| (0.132) | (0.133) | (0.047) | (0.047) | (0.053) | (0.053) | |
| Worried about not having | 0.911 | 0.905 | 0.726* | 0.725* | -0.055 | -0.058 |
| sufficient food during the past month | (0.134) | (0.133) | (0.103) | (0.103) | (0.059) | (0.059) |
| Any chronic disease, or congenital | 1.128 | 1.149 | 1.163 | 1.190 | 0.212+ | 0.225* |
| or perinatal disorder | (0.311) | (0.313) | (0.424) | (0.439) | (0.110) | (0.113) |
| Constant | 3.138*** | 3.067*** | ||||
| (0.091) | (0.091) | |||||
| Observations | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 | 1,194 |
| R squared | 0.706 | 0.703 | ||||
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
+ p<0.1