Table 2.

Clinical transplantation in Huntington’s disease.

Study (year)	Clinical size	Type of cell	Clinical outcome	Negative effects	Ref.
Bachoud-Levi et al. (2006, 2009, 2000)	Five patients	Whole ganglionic eminence	Three of five patients showed stability of symptoms or clinical improvement for 4–6 years	One patient showed development of a putaminial cyst	[4,99,108]
Capetian et al. (2009)	One patient	Whole ganglionic eminence	UHDRS score stability for 6 months. Survival and differentiation of grafted cells	None reported (patient died from unrelated causes)	[109]
Cicchetti et al. (2009, 2014)	Three patients	Lateral ventricular eminence containing striatal primordia	Improvement of UHDRS in two of three patients for up to 18 months before returning to presurgical levels	Grafts underwent disease-like neuronal degeneration. Cortical hemorrhage, subdural hematoma following surgery	[5,100]
Freeman et al. (2000)	One patient	Lateral ventricular eminence containing striatal primordia	Stability of UHDRS 15 months following transplantation. Transplants integrated into the host tissue	None reported	[110]
Furtado et al. (2005)	Seven patients	Fetal striatal tissue	Transplants failed to restore fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and D1 and D2 receptor binding in subjects	Possible technical issues with regards to the ganglionic eminence and in targeting the striatum	[111]
Hauser et al. (2002)	Seven patients	Fetal striata	Grafts developed striatal morphology, UHDRS improved significantly 12 months following surgery	Three subjects developed subdural hemorrhages, one patient died 18 months following surgery from probable cardiac arrhythmia	[112]
Keene et al. (2007)	Two patients	Fetal lateral ganglionic eminence	Improved ambulation 3 months following transplant in one patient. In both patients, transplanted cells displayed morphology of neurons and astrocytes	One patient reported chronic headaches following surgery and was treated for bilateral subdural hematomas. Reported that transplants did not have an effect on the course of HD	[113]
Keene et al. (2009)	One patient	Fetal neuronal tissue	Clinical improvement for UHDRS for 2 years. Patient died 121 months following surgery from complications of advanced HD	Three mass lesions and one large cyst were present on the left caudate and putamen. Five mass lesions and two cysts were present on the right caudate and putamen	[6]
Kopyov et al. (1998)	Three patients	Lateral ganglionic eminence	Clinical improvement for UHDRS for all three patients 12 months following surgery. Graft survival and growth within the striatum without displacing host tissue	None reported	[114]
Krystkowiak et al. (2007)	13 patients	Fetal neuronal tissue	Pre- and post-UHDRS were not reported. Four of the 13 patients had grafts that did not display signs of rejection	Biological, radiological and clinical rejection of grafts in other subjects (reversible under immunosuppressive treatment)	[115]
Reuter et al. (2008)	Two Patients	Whole ganglionic Eminence	Clinical improvement for UHDRS over 5-year period for one patient. Increased striatal D2 receptor binding, suggesting long-term survival and efficacy of grafts	None reported	[101]
Rosser et al. (2002)	Four Patients	Whole ganglionic Eminence	Stability of UHDRS as well as cognitive ability up to 6 months following surgery. Graft survival without Overgrowth	None reported	[116]
Philpott et al(1997)	Three Patients	Lateral ganglionic Eminence	Increased cognitive functioning 6 months following surgery	None reported	[117]
Gallina et al. (2010)	Four Patients	Whole ganglionic Eminence	Stability or improvement in motor, behavioral and functional scores up to 24 months following surgery	None reported	[104]
Madrazo et al. (1995)	Two patients	Whole ganglionic eminence	Stability or improvement on functional capacity for up to 25 months following surgery when a slow progression of HD was observed	None reported	[118]

HD: Huntingdon’s disease; UHDRS: Unified Huntingdon’s disease rating scale.