Table 2. Baseline characteristic of 153 malaria patients.
| All (n = 153) | P. falciparum patients (n = 74) | Mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax patients (n = 10) | P. vivax patients (n = 69) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 137 (90%) | 66 (90%) | 9 (90%) | 62 (90%) | >0.99 |
| Age (years) (median [IQR, range]) | 39 (30–51, 19–76) | 39 (30–49, 20–76) | 25 (21–33, 19–51) | 41 (31–53, 19–71) | 0.02 |
| Transferred from other hospitals | 147 (96%) | 73 (99%) | 10 (100%) | 64 (93%) | 0.23 |
| qSOFA score ≥2 * | 114 (75%) | 51 (69%) | 8 (80%) | 55 (80%) | 0.30 |
| Sepsis (modified SOFA score ≥2) | 150 (98%) | 73 (99%) | 10 (100%) | 67 (97%) | 0.68 |
| Modified SOFA score (median [IQR, range]) | 5 (4–6, 1–18) | 5 (4–7, 1–18) | 5 (5–6, 3–6) | 4 (4–5, 1–11) | 0.06 |
| Modified WHO criteria for severe malaria ** | |||||
| Jaundice (total bilirubin >3 mg/dL) | 41/149 (28%) | 28/72 (39%) | 2/10 (20%) | 11/67 (16%) | 0.008 |
| Shock (systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg, or epinephrine or norepinephrine [any dose]) | 35 (23%) | 14 (19%) | 5 (50%) | 16 (23%) | 0.09 |
| Renal failure (plasma creatinine >3 mg/dL) | 11/152 (7%) | 8/74 (11%) | 0/10 (0%) | 3/68 (4%) | 0.33 |
| Severe anaemia (haematocrit <20%) | 10 (7%) | 6 (8%) | 1 (10%) | 3 (4%) | 0.48 |
| Acidosis (venous bicarbonate <15 mmol/L) | 7/151 (5%) | 5/72 (7%) | 0/10 (0%) | 2/69 (3%) | 0.66 |
| Pulmonary oedema (oxygen saturation <92% and respiratory rate >30/min, or mechanical ventilation) | 6 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (4%) | >0.99 |
| Hyperparasitaemia (>10%) | 6/114 (5%) | 6/61 (10%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/47 | 0.07 |
| General convulsions | 5 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | >0.99 |
| Hyperlactataemia (venous lactate >4 mmol/L) | 3 (2%) | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | >0.99 |
| Impaired consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale <11) | 2 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.56 |
| Hypoglycaemia (blood or plasma glucose <40 mg/dL) | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | >0.99 |
| Severe malaria (≥1 modified WHO criteria) | 80 (52%) | 42 (57%) | 8 (80%) | 30 (43%) | 0.06 |
| 28-day mortality | 2 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.56 |
* qSOFA = quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment. qSOFA criteria is defined as respiratory rate ≥22/min, altered mentation (Glasgow Coma Scale <15) or systolic blood pressure ≤100 mmHg.
** Denominators represent the total number of patients who had been tested for those parameters.