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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2019 Jun 19;570(7762):514–518. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1310-4

Fig. 1 |. Inclusion of multi-ethnic samples enables discovery and replication in GWAS.

Fig. 1 |

a, The population substructure present in the multi-ethnic sample of PAGE (n = 49,839) revealed complex patterns preventing meaningful stratification. Here we show that PC1 and PC2 show major patterns of variation, stratified by self-identified race/ethnicity. Individuals denoted by orange self-identified as ‘Other’. b, There are 8,979 previously reported trait–variant pairs, of which 1,444 replicated at a by-trait Bonferroni-adjusted significance level for P values estimated from a Wald test in SUGEN. In addition, we found 27 novel trait–variant pairs and 38 secondary signal pairs that remained after adjusting for known variants. BMI, body-mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCHC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.