Table 1. Clinical PHH phenotypes recapitulated by this neonatal LPA-induced mouse model.

Sequelae reported in clinical studies following cohorts of hydrocephalic patients compared to phenotypes observed in this neonatal model of PHH. IVH was mimicked by injecting LPA directly into the lateral ventricle of postnatal day 8 (P8) mice.

Hydrocephalus characteristics	Clinical studies	Neonatal model
Bleeding/hemorrhage	Yes (1–3)	Mimicked
Ventricular dilation	Yes (1–3)	Yes
Elevated CSF pressure	Yes (1–3)	Yes
Early lethality	75% untreated (41) and 20% treated (3)	80% by 12 weeks
Loss of ependymal layer	Yes (15, 16)	Yes
Ciliary defects	Yes (42)	Yes
Aqueductal occlusion	Sometimes (43)	No
Monocyte infiltration	Implicated in shunt failure (44) and systemic inflammation (45)	Yes