. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 22.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 Apr 9;44(1):167–177. doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0361-9

Table 2.

Characteristics of monozygotic twins with higher fat mass and lower fat mass

		Twin with higher fat mass	Twin with lower fat mass
BMI		31.4±6.2^*	28.8±5.4
Fasting leptin, ng/mL		30.8±26.4^*	22.4±19.9
HOMA-IR		2.8±1.7^*	2.0±1.6
Glucose, mg/dL	Pre-meal	88.6±6.6	88.9±5.9
Glucose, mg/dL	Post-meal	100.1±11.0	98.6±8.9
Insulin, μU/mL	Pre-meal	9.1±5.3^*	7.1±4.2
Insulin, μU/mL	Post-meal	26.4±17.3^*	20.9±13.7
Ghrelin, pg/mL	Pre-meal	881.7±308.0	934.1±394.3
Ghrelin, pg/mL	Post-meal	828.9±270.5	892.3±370.3
GLP-1, pmol/L	Pre-meal	11.2±14.4	6.9±5.0
GLP-1, pmol/L	Post-meal	11.0±13.2	7.8±5.8
MBH T2 relaxation time, ms		95.4±5.1	93.3±5.3

Twins ordered according to body fat mass (kg); Data are mean ± standard deviation. Group comparisons by generalized estimating equations. Number of participants in each group N=40, except for T2 relaxation time: Twin with higher fat mass (N=32), Twin with lower fat mass (N=31). Pre- and post-meal plasma measures reflect the average of the 2 samples collected during the 30 minutes before (−30, 0, flanking the pre-meal MRI) and after a standardized meal (30, 60, flanking the post-meal MRI). HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; MBH, mediobasal hypothalamus.

P<0.01.