Table 1.
Characteristics of 28 included studies.
| First author | Year | Country | Study design |
Sample size |
Conver-sion n (%) | ISGPF | ISGPS | Clavien-Dindo | Quali-ty Scor-es | |
| TLPD | OPD | |||||||||
| Zimmerman | 2018 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 280 | 6336 | 78 (27.86) | NR | NR | NR | 7a |
| Tran | 2016 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 681 | 14893 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7a |
| Tee | 2015 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 113 | 225 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Tan | 2015 | China | Retrospective analysis | 30 | 30 | NR | YES | YES | NR | 9a |
| Stauffer | 2017 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 58 | 193 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Song | 2015 | Korea | Matched case-control study | 97 | 198 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Sharpe | 2015 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 384 | 4037 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7a |
| Senthilna-than | 2015 | India | Retrospective analysis | 45 | 118 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 8a |
| Poves | 2018 | Spain | RCT | 32 | 29 | 8 (25.00) | YES | YES | YES | 4b |
| Palanivelu | 2017 | India | RCT | 32 | 32 | 1 (3.13) | YES | YES | YES | 3b |
| Meng | 2018 | China | Retrospective analysis | 58 | 58 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 9a |
| Lee | 2018 | Korea | Matched case-control study | 31 | 31 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 9a |
| Khaled | 2018 | UK | Matched case-control study | 15 | 15 | 1 (6.67) | YES | YES | YES | 9a |
| Kantor | 2017 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 828 | 7385 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 7a |
| Hakeem | 2014 | UK | Matched case-control study | 12 | 12 | NR | NR | NR | YES | 9a |
| Gerber | 2017 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 52 | 50 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 8a |
| Dokmak | 2015 | France | Matched case-control study | 46 | 46 | 3 (6.52) | YES | YES | YES | 9a |
| Delitto | 2016 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 52 | 50 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Croome | 2014 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 108 | 214 | 7 (6.48) | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Conrad | 2017 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 40 | 25 | 9 (22.50) | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Chopinet | 2018 | France | Retrospective analysis | 65 | 290 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Chen | 2018 | China | Retrospective analysis | 47 | 55 | NR | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Chapman | 2018 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 22 | 25 | 0 (0) | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Chapman | 2018 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 248 | 1520 | 74 (29.84) | NR | NR | NR | 7a |
| Asbun | 2012 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 53 | 215 | 9 (15.00) | YES | YES | NR | 8a |
| Zureikat | 2011 | USA | Matched case-control study | 14 | 14 | 2 (14.29) | YES | NR | YES | 9a |
| Mesleh | 2013 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 75 | 48 | 10 (13.33) | YES | YES | YES | 8a |
| Speicher | 2014 | USA | Retrospective analysis | 25 | 84 | NR | YES | NR | NR | 8a |
a
Newcastle-Ottawa scale;
b
Jadad scale. TLPD: Total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy; OPD: Open pancreaticoduodenectomy; ISGPF: International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula; ISGPS: International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery; Clavien-Dindo: The Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; NR: Not reported.