Table 2.
Study characteristics of included studies
| Study | Country of study | Region of origin: n (%)† | Sample size, n | Sampling procedure | Year of assessment | Mean age in years, M (SD) | Gender—female, n (%) | u/a | Outcome | RoB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adam and Klasen [67] | Germany |
ME: NR (80.9%) EE: NR (19.1%) |
215 | NRS | 2002–2003 | 14.8 (2.1) | NR (41.4%) | a | A, D, EBP, PTSD | High |
| Almqvist et al. [24] | Sweden | ME: 50 (100%) | 50 | NRS | NR | M: 5.8 (1.1) | 14 (28%) | a | PTSD | Uncl |
| F: 5.8 (1.1) | ||||||||||
| Angel et al. [25] | Sweden | EE: 99 (100%) | 99 | NRS | 1994–1995 | 11.3 (NR) | NR | a | A, EBP, PTSD | Uncl |
| Barghadouch et al. [26] | Denmark |
AS: 2349 (15.4%) EE: 6505 (42.6%) |
15,264 | Census | NR | 9.1 (NR) | 6909 (45.3%) | u and a | AD*, ND*, PD* | Low |
| Bean et al. [27, 28] | Netherlands |
AF: NR (53%) AS: NR (8%) ME: NR (4%) |
1110 | NRS/RS | 2002 | 15.8 (NR) | 329 (29.8%) | u | A, D, EBP, PTSD | Uncl |
| Begovac et al. [29] | Germany/Croatia | EE: 133 (100%) | 133 | NRS | 1997–1999 | NR | 160 (49.7%) | NR | D, PTSD | High |
| Bronstein et al. [30] | UK | ME: 222 (100%) | 222 | NRS | NR | 16.3 (1.0) | 0 (0%) | u | A, D, PTSD | Uncl |
| Derluyn et al. [32] | Belgium |
AF: NR (59%) AS: NR (25.3%) EE: NR (14.3%) SA: 2 (1.2%) |
142 | NRS | NR |
<14 y: 9.6% 15–17 y: 52.9% >18 years 37.3% |
NR (37.3%) | u | A, D, EBP | High |
| Derluyn et al. [33] | Belgium |
AF: 517 (43.4%) AS: 267 (22.4%) EE: 349 (29.3%) SA: 59 (4.9%) |
1234 | RS | 2002–2003 | 16.6 (1.31) |
U: 43 (35.8%) A: 516 (46.5%) |
u and a | A, D, PTSD | Uncl |
| Elklit et al. [34] | Denmark | EE: 119 (100%) | 119 | NRS | NR | 18.5 (1.8) | NR (33.3%) | u and a | PTSD | Uncl |
| Fazel et al. [35] | UK |
EE: NR (48%) AS: NR (16%) ME: NR (10%) |
101 | NRS | NR | NR | 40 (40%) | u and a | EBP | Uncl |
| Gavranidou et al. [68] | Germany |
EE: 32 (NR) ME: 11 (NR) |
55 | NRS | NR | 13.4 (NR) | 23 (41.8%) | u and a | A*, EBP* | Uncl |
| Goldin et al. [36] | Sweden | EE: NR | 48 | NRS | 1994–1995 | NR | 24 (50%) | a | A, D, PTSD, HYP, PSYCom | Uncl |
| Gusic et al. [72] | Sweden | ME: 26 (60%) | 42 | NRS | NR | 16.1 (1.5) | 16 (38%) | u and a | DP, PTSD | High |
| Hjern et al. [37] | Sweden |
SA: 43 (68%) ME 20 (32%) |
63 | NRS | 1986–1987 | 5.9 (NR) | NR | a | EBP | Uncl |
| Hodes et al. [38] | UK |
~EE: 34 (28.8%) AF: 52 (44.1%) ME: 26 (22.0%) AS: 3 (2.5%) SA: 3 (2.5%) |
113 | NRS | 2002–2003 | 17.0 (NR) | 44 (38.9%) | u and a | D, PTSD | Uncl |
| Hollins et al. [71] | UK | EE: 99 (100%) | 99 | NRS | NR | 16 (1.2) | 12 (NR) | u | A, EBP | High |
| Huemer et al. [39] | Austria | AF: 41 (100%) | 41 | NRS | NR | 17.0 (0.8) | 6 (15%) | u | A*, D, PTSD, S | Uncl |
| Jakobsen et al. [61] | Norway |
ME: 105 (76%) AF: 33 (24%) |
138 | NRS | 2009–2011 | 16.2 (0.8) | 0 (0%) | u | A, D, EBP, OPD, PTSD | Uncl |
| Jensen et al. [41] | Norway |
~AS: 59 (63%) AF: 34 (37%) EE: 1 (1%) |
93 | Census | 2010–2012 | 13.8 (1.4) | 28 (19%) | u | A, D, EBP, PTSD | Uncl |
| Kocijan-Hercigonja et al. [70] | Croatia | EE: 35 (100%) | 35 | NRS | NR | NR | NR | a | A*, D*, PSYCom* | High |
| Longobardi et al. [74] | Italy |
AF: 12 (63.2%) EE: 5 (26.3%) AS: 1 (5.3%) |
23 | NRS | NR | NR | 1 (5%) | u | A, D, PTSD | High |
| Möhrle et al. [75] | Germany |
ME: NR (51.6%) AF: NR (16.8%) |
191 | NRS | 2015–201 | 17.1 (1.2) | 0 (0%) | u | EBP | Uncl |
| Montgomery [42] | Denmark | ME: 131 (96.24%) | 131 | NRS | 2000–2001 | 15.3 (NR) | 76 (58%) | u and a | EBP | Uncl |
| Nasiroglu and Ceri [60] | Turkey | ME: 55 (100%) | 55 | NRS | NR | 11 (3.7) | 25 (45.6%) | NR | A, D, HYP, NE, PTSD | High |
| Nielsen et al. [44] | Denmark |
EE: 118 (48%) ME: 67 (27%) |
246 | NRS | 2006 | 9.6 (NR) | 104 (42%) | a | EBP | Uncl |
| Oppedal and Idsoe [45] | Norway | ME: NR (70%) | 948 | NRS | 2000–2010 | 18.6 (2.5) | NR (15.8%) | u | D*, PTSD | Uncl |
| Papageorgiou et al. [46] | Greece | EE: NR | 95 | NRS | NR | 9.6 (NR) | 54 (57%) | u | A, D, EBP, OPD, PTSD | Uncl |
| Reijneveld et al. [47] | Netherlands |
EE: 6 (4.9%) AS: 9 (7.4%) AF: 107 (87.7%) |
122 | NRS | 2002 –2003 | 16.1 (0.7) | 40 (32.8%) | u | A*, D*, EBP*, PTSD* | Uncl |
| Reis et al. [48] | Germany | ME: 40 (80%) | 58 | NRS | 2007–2009 | 12 (NR) | 25 (43%) | a | EBP | Uncl |
| Rücker et al. [59] | Germany |
ME: 45 (86.5%) OC: 7 (13.5%) |
52 | NRS | 2016 | 16.2 (1.4) | 1 (1.9%) | u | EBP | High |
| Ruf et al. [76] | Germany | EE: 47 (45.2%) | 98 | NRS | 2003–2004 | 10.6 (2.6) | 56 (53.8%) | a | D, S, PTSD | Uncl |
| Sabuncuoglu and Berkem [73] | Turkey | EE: 19 (100%) | 19 | NRS | NR | Range 13–73 (NR) | 10 (53%) | u and a | D* | High |
| Salari et al. [49] | Sweden | ME: NR (100%) | 208 | NRS | 2015–2016 | 15.4 (1.3) | NR (2.4%) | u | PTSD | Uncl |
| Sanchez-Cao et al. [50] | UK |
EE: 25 (35%) AF: 36 (51%) |
71 | NRS | 2003–2004 | NR | 23 (32.4%) | u | D, EBP, PTSD | Uncl |
| Sikic et al. [51] | Croatia | EE: NR | 669 | NRS | 1994–1995 | 12.03 (2.5) | 989 (48%) | NR | A*, D* | Uncl |
| Sleijpen et al. [62] | Netherlands |
ME: 52 (46.8%) AS: 15 (13.5%) AF: 6 (5.4%) OC: 37 (33.3%) |
111 | RS | 2014–2015 | 14.5 (1.8) | 57 (51%) | NR | PTSD | Uncl |
| Slodnjak et al. [52] | Slovenia | EE: NR | 265 | NRS | 1994 | NR | 140 (52.8%) | u and a | D, S, PTSD | High |
| Sourander et al. [54] | Finland | AF: 42 (91.3%) | 46 | NRS | NR | 14.1 (2.3) | 12 (NR) | u | EBP | Uncl |
| Staehr [69] | Denmark | EE: NR | 232 | NRS | 1999 | NR | NR | NR | PTSD | High |
| Staehr et al. [55] | Denmark | NR | 780 | NRS | 2001 –2003 | NR | NR | u and a | S | High |
| Stotz et al. [63] | Germany | NR | 32 | NRS | 2011 | 15.6 (2.2) | 0 (0%) | u and a | PTSD | High |
| Taurino et al. [65] | Italy | AF: 29 (87%) | 34 | NRS | NR | 18.1 (0.6) | 0 (0%) | u | A, D, PTSD | High |
| Thommessen et al. [66] | Italy |
AF: 16 (NR) ME: 15 (NR) AS: 29 (NR) |
60 | NRS | NR | NR | 0 (0%) | u | EBP | Uncl |
| Vervliet et al. [56] | Belgium/Norway |
ME: 212 (69.1%) AF: 92 (30.0%) AS: 2 (0.6%) EE: 1 (0.3%) |
307 | Census | NR | 16.1 (0.8) | 16 (5.2%) | u | A, D, PTSD | Uncl |
| Wiegersma et al. [57] | Netherlands |
ME: NR (37%) EE: NR (39%) AF: NR (24%) |
267 | NRS | 2003 | 9.9 (3.5) | NR (50%) | a | EBP | Low |
| Yurtbay et al. [58] | Turkey | EE: 250 (100%) | 250 | NRS | 1999 |
Children: 10.8 (1.47) Adolescents: 15.4 (1.43) |
125 (50%) | NR | A, D* | High |
A anxiety, a accompanied, AD affective disorder, AF Africa, AS Asia, D depression, DP dissociative psychopathology, EBP emotional and behavioural problems, EE Eastern Europe, HYP hyperactiveness, M mean, ME Middle East, n sample size, NE nocturnal enuresis, ND neurotic disorder, NR not reported, NRS non-random sampling, OPD overall psychiatric disorder, PD psychotic disorder, PSYCom psychiatric complaints, PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder, RoB risk of bias, RS random sampling, S suicidal ideation and behaviour, SA South America, SD standard deviation, u unaccompanied, Uncl unclear
*mean and standard deviation but no point prevalences are reported
~overall sample size differed from n of distribution of countries of origin
†we grouped the reported countries of origin into Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Middle East and South America