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. 2019 Oct 10;50:79. doi: 10.1186/s13567-019-0697-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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BEFV induces autophagy through upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in the early to middle stages. A, B MDBK cells were infected with BEFV at a MOI of 1 and the cell lysates were collected individually at the indicated time points for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. C The levels of Akt, IkBα, p65, p50, and LC3-II were examined in BEFV-infected cells transfected with an Akt shRNA. D MDBK cells were pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7085 and the cell lysates were collected individually at 4 hpi for immunoblotting with the respective antibodies. Signals were quantified using Image J software. The levels of the indicated proteins in the mock controls (0 h or un-treatment) were considered onefold. The protein levels were normalised to those for β-actin. The activation and inactivation folds indicated below each lane were normalized against values for the mock control. The predicted size of each protein was labeled at the right-hand side in kDa.