Fig. 1.

2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) inhibits microglial activation induced by the conditioned media (CM) from GL261 glioma cells. BV-2 cells were pretreated with 1 mM 2HG (a) or 10 μM BAY-7082 (b) for 30 min. Afterwards, the cells were incubated with CM from GL261 cells for 6 h. The expression of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) messenger RNAs (mRNAs) was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the internal control. All results are presented as the means ± SD (n = 3) and are representative of three or more independent experiments. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 compared to CM