Fig. 2.

NTZ stimulated autophagy. a–d BV₂ cells (a) or primary astrocytes (c) were cultured with different concentrations of NTZ (20, 10, 5, or 0 μM) for 24 h, and phosphorylated ULK1 and protein levels of LC3II and p62 were detected by Western blot assay. b, d Quantitative results of (a) and (c). GAPDH was used as a loading control in Western blot assays (one-way ANOVA. n = 3. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001 vs DMSO group). e CLSM images of BV2 cells transiently expressing tagRFP-mWasabi-LC3 (green and red puncta indicate mWasabi and tagRFP, respectively. Scale bar: 5 μm). All data were obtained from three independent experiments and are presented as the mean ± SEM