Fig. 5.

Inductive effects of ginsenosides Rb₁ (1), Rd (2), and Rg₁ (31), notoginsenoside R₁ (32), and XueShuanTong (XST) on CYP3A activity (a–c), CYP3A4 mRNA (d–f), and CYP3A5 mRNA (g–i). These ginsenosides (1, 2, 31, and 32) and XueShuanTong (XST) were tested at low, intermediate, and high concentrations (open, light blue, and blue bars, respectively), i.e., 1/10/100 μmol/L, except for ginsenoside Rd (2) at 0.1/1/10 μmol/L and XueShuanTong (XST) at the marker concentrations 1/10/100 μmol/L of ginsenoside Rg₁ (31) present. Cryopreserved human hepatocytes from three donors [XSM (a, d, g), HVN (b, e, h), and IZT (c, f, i)] were used; rifampin (20 μmol/L), a known inducer of CYP3A, served as a positive control (PC)