Table 1. Research questions for healthy homes in hot-humid tropical Africa.

1. The basic building shape	How can CFD help us to improve the geometry of rural homes? Which features of a house are important to reduce mosquito entry? What is the minimum/optimal house elevation to minimize mosquito entry?
2. Roofing	Which roofing materials support water harvesting and support indoor thermal comfort? How can solar power be incorporated into roofs while maintaining indoor comfort?
3. Vector barriers (bednets, screens, windows, and doors)	Can long-lasting residual insecticides be integrated in high-performance polyethylenes? Which fibers are optimal for screening of the house? What is the optimal screening material? Can we improve window and door designs to make them more user friendly, e.g., self-closing?
4. Cladding	Which cladding materials allow optimal ventilation while fulfilling safety, privacy, and aesthetic expectations?
5. Water supply and sanitation	What is the most cost-efficient approach to provide safe water supply all year round? What is the optimal latrine and hand-cleaning station design and location in relation to the home?
6. Kitchen design	How to design a user-friendly fireplace that minimizes indoor pollution while being safe and acceptable for users? Which chimney design could be prefabricated? How to promote efficient, smokeless cook stoves that burn biogases or LPG?
7. Electricity supply	Can solar power be harvested in an appropriate, affordable fashion in hot-humid, rural Africa? Can solar energy be stored in an affordable fashion?
8. Urbanization	Which elements in novel rural homes could be applied to periurban homes?
9. Acceptability: the user perspective	How can design innovations, including elevation, novel roofing materials, windows, and doors, benefit the largest possible number of end users?
10. Collaborations	How to interest local architects to collaborate in the design and construction of low-cost rural homes? How to train local craftsmen in the use of new building techniques and unfamiliar construction materials?
11. Economics and financing	Which design innovations are cost-effective and how can they be funded? What is the best way to organize loans for low-cost housing in rural Africa?
12. Maintenance	How should we instill a maintenance culture for improved houses so that they last longer and have meaningful health benefits?

Abbreviations: CFD, computational fluid dynamics; LPG, liquefied petroleum gas