Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for detection and monitoring of resistance in populations of insects (modified from [32]).

Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Biological assays
Diagnostic concentrations	Standardized Simple and rapid to perform Detect resistance phenotype	Lack of sensitivity No information on level or type of resistance Few diagnostic doses available for Aedes spp. Require live mosquitoes Require universal quality insecticides	[31, 33]
Dose-response assays	Measure resistance levels	Require large number of live mosquitoes Require a susceptible reference colony	[34, 35]
Assays using synergists	Information on the potential mechanisms responsible for resistance	Lack of sensitivity and specificity Require large number of live mosquitoes	[33]
Biochemical assays measuring enzyme activities	Information on mechanisms responsible for resistance Several mechanisms tested on a single individual	Require a cold chain Not available for all resistance mechanisms Lack of sensitivity/specificity	[36]
Molecular assays to detect resistant alleles	Very sensitive Several mechanisms tested on single individuals Detect recessive alleles and provide an “early warning” of future resistance	Require specialized and costly equipment Only available for a limited number of resistance mechanisms Are not always easily linked to resistance levels	[37–40]