Table 4. Baseline factors associated with viral suppression.
| Variables | Viral Suppression (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | aOR (95% CI) | P | ||
| HIV viral load (log10 copies/mL)b | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.740 | |||
| CD4 cell count (cells/mm3)c | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 0.830 | |||
| Baseline HIV drug resistance | |||||
| No | 104/301 (34.6%) | REF | REF | ||
| Yes | 4/41 (9.8%) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.59) | 0.003 | 0.16 (0.04, 0.54) | 0.003 |
| Study arm | |||||
| Standard of care | 64/244 (26.2%) | REF | REF | ||
| Intervention | 44/98 (44.9%) | 2.29 (1.40, 3.74) | <0.001 | 2.45 (1.47, 4.08) | <0.001 |
| Baseline antiretroviral drug(s) detected | |||||
| No | 98/303 (32.3%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 10/39 (25.6%) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.54) | 0.398 | ||
| Reported prior/current ART | |||||
| No | 74/242 (30.6%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 34/100 (34.0%) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.92) | 0.536 | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 91/290 (31.4%) | REF | |||
| Female | 17/52 (32.7%) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.99) | 0.851 | ||
| Age | |||||
| 18–29 | 15/53 (28.3%) | REF | |||
| 30–39 | 68/230 (29.6%) | 1.06 (0.55, 2.06) | 0.856 | ||
| 40–60 | 25/59 (42.4%) | 1.86 (0.85, 4.10) | 0.123 | ||
| Study site | |||||
| Indonesia | 17/88 (19.3%) | REF | REF | ||
| Ukraine | 46/133 (34.6%) | 2.21 (1.17, 4.18) | 0.015 | 1.76 (0.90, 3.41) | 0.097 |
| Vietnam | 45/121 (37.2%) | 2.47 (1.30, 4.71) | 0.006 | 2.14 (1.09, 4.20) | 0.026 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/Have partner but not married | 56/174 (32.2%) | REF | |||
| Single/Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 52/168 (31.0%) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.49) | 0.807 | ||
| Educationd | |||||
| None or primary school | 9/27 (33.3%) | REF | |||
| Secondary school | 54/171 (31.6%) | 0.92 (0.39, 2.19) | 0.856 | ||
| Higher education | 45/144 (31.3%) | 0.91 (0.38, 2.18) | 0.831 | ||
| Injected amphetaminese (3 months prior) | |||||
| No | 91/289 (31.5%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 17/52 (32.7%) | 1.06 (0.56, 1.99) | 0.863 | ||
| Non-injection stimulant usee,f (3 months prior) | |||||
| No | 78/225 (34.7%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 29/116 (25.0%) | 0.63 (0.38, 1.04) | 0.070 | ||
| Non-injection opiate usee,g (3 months prior) | |||||
| No | 98/312 (31.4%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 10/29 (34.5%) | 1.15 (0.52, 2.56) | 0.734 | ||
| Hazardous alcohol useh | |||||
| No | 65/227 (28.6%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 43/115 (37.4%) | 1.49 (0.93, 2.39) | 0.101 | ||
| MAT for substance use | |||||
| No | 30/104 (28.8%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 78/238 (32.8%) | 1.20 (0.73, 1.99) | 0.473 | ||
| Number of sexual partners (1 month prior) | |||||
| 0 | 44/134 (32.8%) | REF | |||
| 1 | 59/185 (31.9%) | 0.96 (0.60, 1.54) | 0.859 | ||
| ≥2 | 5/23 (21.7%) | 0.57 (0.20, 1.63) | 0.293 | ||
| Number of injection partners (3 months prior) | |||||
| 1 | 16/44 (36.4%) | REF | |||
| 2–4 | 76/256 (29.7%) | 0.74 (0.38, 1.44) | 0.376 | ||
| ≥5 | 16/42 (38.1%) | 1.08 (0.45, 2.58) | 0.868 | ||
| Jail/Prison (ever) | |||||
| No | 104/330 (31.5%) | REF | |||
| Yes | 4/12 (33.3%) | 1.09 (0.32, 3.69) | 0.894 | ||
The table shows factors associated with viral suppression (HIV viral load <40 copies/mL) after 52 weeks of study follow-up. The analysis included 342 index participants who had a baseline HIV drug resistance result and a week 52 viral load result. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted associations between participant characteristics and viral suppression. P-values <0.05 are bolded. For the adjusted models, results are shown for variables that were significantly associated with viral suppression after adjustment for other variables.
a For each variable, univariate associations were adjusted in a multivariable model including covariates: study site, baseline ARV drugs detected (yes/no), baseline viral load, baseline drug resistance (yes/no), and study arm.
b Assessed for increments of log10 HIV RNA copies/mL.
c Assessed for increments of 100 CD4-positive cells/mm3.
d Secondary school includes completion of some or all of secondary school. Higher education indicates some or complete technical training or college/university education.
e Data for substance use was missing for one participant.
f Stimulants include cocaine and methamphetamines.
g Opiates include heroin and opium.
h Hazardous alcohol use was determined as an AUDIT-C score of ≥4 for males and ≥3 among females.
Abbreviations: N, number; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals; P, p-value; REF, reference; MAT, medication assisted treatment.