FIG 4.

CD161⁺ CD4⁺ T cells harbor more replication-competent latent HIV-1 and clonal expanded proviruses than CD161⁻ CD4⁺ T cells. (A) Frequency of HIV-1 total proviral DNA in CD161-positive and -negative CD4⁺ T cells from ART-suppressed infected individuals (n = 13) measured by qPCR. (B) IPDA results for CD161-positive and -negative CD4⁺ T cells from ART-suppressed infected individuals (n = 6). (C) Frequency of replication-competent latent HIV-1 in CD161-positive and -negative CD4⁺ T cells measured by QVOA. IUPM, infectious units per million cells. A ratio-paired t test was performed for statistical analysis. (D) Clonality of the proviral env sequence recovered from CD161-positive or -negative CD4⁺ T cells within the total number of sequences. Significance was calculated using a chi-square test; the P value is indicated. (E) Representative neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed with env sequences recovered from CD161-positive or -negative CD4⁺ T cells by single-genome proviral sequencing. Red arrows, identical clonal expansion sequences; blue symbols, sequences detected in CD161-positive CD4⁺ T cells; purple symbols, sequences detected in CD161-negative CD4⁺ T cells. See Table 3 for patient characteristics.