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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14569. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51270-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of the BMP signaling pathway protects glioma cells from cytotoxic injury. (A) Cell viability following treatment of G144 cells with temozolomide and radiation, with BMP4 and LY364947 or TGF-β1 and noggin, compared to control (n = 3, *p < 0.05). (B) Cell viability following treatment of G179 cells with temozolomide and radiation, with BMP4 and LY364947 or TGF-β1 and noggin, compared to control (n = 3, *p < 0.05). (C) Cell viability following treatment of BT046 cells with temozolomide and radiation, with BMP4 and LY364947 or TGF-β1 and noggin, compared to control (n = 3, *p < 0.05). (D) Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ATM (pATM), ATM, and MGMT, in BT046 cells treated with temozolomide and radiation, with BMP4 and LY364947 or TGF-β1 and noggin, compared to control. (E) Western blot analysis for phosphorylated H2αX in BT046 cells treated with temozolomide and radiation, with BMP4 and LY364947 or TGF-β1 and noggin, compared to control. (F) Kaplan-Meier curve for survival in NSG mice following intracranial transplantation with U251 or U251-TR cells (*p < 0.01). (G) Circos plot of expression data generated by microarray analysis of U251 cells. (H) Circos plot of expression data generated by microarray analysis of U251-TR cells.