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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14647. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50690-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tissue-scale force inference in the quail embryo. (A) Schematics of the embryonic and extra-embryonic territories. The red box shows the radial region analyzed with force inference. (B) Typical regions used for ablations in the embryonic region and in the posterior margin region. Images 2 minutes after a cut are superimposed on the original image. Scale bar: 1 mm (C) Strain measured in the embryonic and margin regions 2 minutes after the cut (N = 7 from 4 embryos). Red crosses show the principal directions and amplitudes of tissue strain measured 2 minutes after the cuts. (D) Map of inferred tensions. (E) Map of inferred pressures. (F) Map of inferred stress. Red crosses show the principal directions and amplitudes of the stress tensor.