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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14541. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51104-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DCA reduces C. perfringens invasion and inflammatory response. Chickens were fed different diets, infected, and sampled as in Fig. 2. (A) Luminal C. perfringens colonization level quantified by 16 S rDNA real-time PCR. (B) C. perfringens invasion into intestinal tissue quantified by 16 S RNA real-time PCR. (C) Presence of C. perfringens (red dots) in ileal sections of NE and NE + DCA birds, detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. (D) Ileal Infγ, Litaf (Tnfα), and Mmp9 mRNA qPCR fold change relative to uninfected birds and normalized to Gapdh. Scale bar is 10 μm. NE + DCA, NE birds fed DCA diet. All graphs depict mean ± SEM. NS, not significant; *P < 0.05. Results are representative of 3 independent experiments.