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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14554. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49815-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of arecoline on cochlear hair cells. (A) A schematic diagram showing the orientation of both outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs). The mechanosensitive hair bundles (HB) of hair cells are clusters of stereocilia on top of each hair cell and can be stained with phalloidin. (B–D) The hair bundles labeled by phalloidin after 30 minutes of arecoline treatment. In the control group (B), the three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells retained the original regular arrangement and v-shaped hair bundles. By contrast, explants treated with 4 mM (C) or 10 mM (D) arecoline showed disrupted hair cell arrangement with disappearance of some hair bundles, resulting in vacancies in the hair cell regions (arrowheads). HB, hair bundles; IHC, inner hair cells; OHC, outer hair cells. Bar = 10 μm (B–D).