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. 2019 Oct 10;2:368. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0614-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Subtilomycin production contributes to the colonization of B. subtilis BSn5 in A. thaliana. a Microscope observation of the gene expression of subtilomycin (apnA), biofilm (tapA), and flagellin (hag) of BSn5 YFP-reporter strains in A. thaliana. The 6, 12, 24, and 36 h post inoculation were set for observation. Scare bars: 20 μm. b An intensive Z-axis scan was employed to observe the endophytic colonization of strain P_apnA-YFP. When the layer below the root surface was scanned, some YFP-positive bacteria could be detected as the arrows indicated. Scare bars: 10 μm. c TEM observation of the cross-cutting section of A. thaliana root inoculated with bacteria BSn5 for 36 h. Scale bars: 2 μm. d Zooming of the squared area in picture c. Arrow 1 refers to the cell wall of plant cell. Arrow 2 refers to bacteria in intercellular space. Arrow 3 refers to the bacteria in division stage. Arrow 4 refers to spore. Scale bars: 500 nm. e Colonization assay of B. subtilis BSn5, subtilomycin mutant apnB, and biofilm mutant ymdB on the rhizoplane, and f endosphere of A. thaliana Col-0 and fls2-1 seedlings, respectively. The independent sample t test was employed