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. 2018 Aug 20;3(9):1063–1073. doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0217-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a, Frequencies of AMR-associated genes in aEPEC by case or control status. Genes encoding AMR are shown to the right of the graph and are grouped by drug class. b,c, Discriminant analysis of principal components based on known genetic determinants of AMR. The graphs display the discriminant functions (DF) that best discriminate isolates into region of isolation (b, n = 185) or clonal group (c, n = 137). Data points are coloured coded according to their demographic group (see legend) and the genetic determinants most correlated with the DFs are labelled on the DF axes. Eigenvalues, corresponding to the ratio of the variance between groups over the variance within groups for each principal component in the discriminant function, are displayed in the insets. d, Frequency of AMR genetic determinants that differed between Asia, East Africa and West Africa. Genes that contain point mutations that result in AMR and that are not acquired through horizontal gene transfer are indicated with a cross.