Table 1.
Demographic and disease characteristics of the subjects.
| PD-R | PD-L | Control | *Pa | *Pb | *Pc | *Pd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||
| N | 24 | 16 | 32 | ||||
| Gender, male, n (%) | 12 (50.0) | 10 (62.5) | 15 (46.9) | 0.586 | 0.436 | 0.307 | 0.817 |
| Age (years) | 57.57 ± 8.53 | 58.77 ± 6.78 | 60.52 ± 8.11 | 0.388 | 0.645 | 0.475 | 0.176 |
| Education (years) | 11.17 ± 2.67 | 10.69 ± 3.09 | 10.94 ± 2.86 | 0.973 | 0.811 | 0.920 | 0.859 |
| Disease duration (years) | 1.80 ± 1.17 | 1.15 ± 0.75 | 0.056 | ||||
| GDS-30 | 6.79 ± 3.13 | 6.31 ± 3.20 | 4.31 ± 3.85 | 0.017 | 0.726 | 0.041 | 0.009 |
| MMSE | 28.58 ± 1.35 | 28.19 ± 1.94 | 29.16 ± 0.95 | 0.157 | 0.733 | 0.109 | 0.111 |
| Neuropsychological tests | |||||||
| TMT A | 67.04 ± 27.17 | 66.60 ± 18.20 | 54.34 ± 19.09 | 0.089 | 0.795 | 0.055 | 0.085 |
| TMT B | 137.62 ± 74.56 | 130.73 ± 53.17 | 113.47 ± 41.36 | 0.447 | 0.965 | 0.386 | 0.236 |
| TMT B-A | 64.13 ± 43.06 | 70.58 ± 60.83 | 59.12 ± 30.66 | 0.998 | 0.908 | 0.927 | 0.987 |
| Stroop1 | 23.96 ± 4.98 | 24.50 ± 3.92 | 23.66 ± 5.26 | 0.624 | 0.479 | 0.317 | 0.960 |
| Stroop2 | 31.52 ± 7.23 | 29.88 ± 4.56 | 29.47 ± 5.08 | 0.741 | 0.786 | 0.801 | 0.412 |
| Stroop interference | 53.61 ± 13.30 | 54.56 ± 12.37 | 50.78 ± 14.79 | 0.344 | 0.943 | 0.158 | 0.306 |
| Digit-span (forward) | 8.00 ± 0.89 | 8.08 ± 1.12 | 8.20 ± 0.93 | 0.721 | 0.908 | 0.486 | 0.521 |
| Digit-span (backward) | 4.14 ± 1.06 | 4.23 ± 0.93 | 4.70 ± 1.56 | 0.521 | 0.684 | 0.515 | 0.282 |
| Stereo acuity | 6.00 ± 2.71 | 6.69 ± 2.24 | 7.37 ± 2.46 | 0.142 | 0.471 | 0.244 | 0.061 |
| Clock copy | 2.79 ± 0.51 | 2.88 ± 0.34 | 2.91 ± 0.29 | 0.693 | 0.688 | 0.741 | 0.394 |
| Clinical evaluation | |||||||
| UPDRS part I | 0.88 ± 1.23 | 0.44 ± 0.51 | 0.366 | ||||
| UPDRS part II | 7.04 ± 2.33 | 5.38 ± 2.50 | 0.017 | ||||
| UPDRS part III | 10.33 ± 3.06 | 9.81 ± 4.04 | 0.587 | ||||
| UPDRS total scores | 15.62 ± 6.38 | 18.25 ± 5.12 | 0.070 | ||||
| Hoehn & Yahr | 1.19 ± 0.32 | 1.19 ± 0.31 | 0.932 | ||||
| eTremor | 1.92 ± 1.47 | 2.94 ± 1.61 | 0.043 | ||||
| fBradykinesia | 4.42 ± 2.15 | 3.38 ± 1.59 | 0.109 | ||||
| gRigidity | 2.08 ± 1.41 | 1.81 ± 0.91 | 0.487 | ||||
| Bulbar abnormalities | 1.42 ± 0.78 | 1.38 ± 0.89 | 0.905 | ||||
| L-UPDRSIII scores | 0 ± 0 | 6.94 ± 3.09 | |||||
| R-UPDRSIII scores | 6.71 ± 1.76 | 0 ± 0 |
PD-R, right-onset Parkinson’s disease; PD-L, left-onset Parkinson’s disease; GDS-30, the 30 items Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; TMT, Trail Making Test; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; H&Y, Hoehn & Yahr; pa, p-value among the three groups: PD-L, PD-R, and normal control; pb, p-value between PD-L and PD-R; pc, p-value between PD-L and normal control; pd, p-value between PD-R and normal control. *p-value was calculated using Pearson’s χ2 test for categorical variables, student’s t-test or analysis of variance for continuous variables with normal distribution, and Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis H test for non-normal distribution variables. eScore was the sum of item 20 and 21 in the UPDRS. fScore was the sum of item 23, 24 and 25 in the UPDRS. gScore was the sum of item 22 in the UPDRS.