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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14661. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51092-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Milk EVs help restore colon histologic integrity, manage inflammation and regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) production. (A) Representative microscopy pictures of H&E-stained colonic sections from healthy and colitic mice fed with one of the three feeding solutions. White arrow heads indicate edema of the lamina propria, green point towards immune cell infiltration, black arrow heads indicate crypt erosion and red arrow indicates abscess. (B) Histopathological scoring of the disease (0–72). Data are expressed as median ± confidence interval (CI). (C) Histology scoring of inflammation (0–32). (D) Histology scoring of digestive wall erosion (0–32). (E) Representative microscopy pictures of pentachromic-stained colonic sections from healthy and colitic mice fed with one of the three feeding solutions. Muscles in orange, collagen in red, mucin in violet, IEC cells in green and red blood cells in yellow. Statistical comparison. Statistical significance was determined by Kruskal-Wallis one-way Anova with Dunn’s post-hoc test. P < 0:05 was considered significant (n = 6/group). Significance display. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Abbreviations. CI, confidence interval; CS, control solution; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; ECM, extracellular matrix; EVs, extracellular vesicles; IEC: intestinal epithelial cells; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; P100K, pellet 100,000 g; P35K, pellet 35 000 g; SD, standard deviation.