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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51130-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of whole pasteurized human milk and bovine milk samples, and commercial infant formula on growth of (A) S. aureus, (B) B. subtilis, (C) C. perfringens, and (D) E. coli. Log colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml are shown for each treatment. Starting inoculum was 1–2 × 10⁵/ml. Samples were cultured to stationary phase for 24 hours with aeration (200 RPM; A,B,D) and stationary in an anaerobic chamber (C). Data represent means ± SD. Student’s t test was used to determine significant differences in means. P ≪ 0.001 indicates mean differences much greater than p < 0.001.