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. 2019 Oct 10;9:14550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51130-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-inflammatory activity of two whole human milk samples versus two whole bovine milk samples during stimulation of human squamous epithelial cells with the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST). Data represent means ± SD of secreted chemokine IL-8, as the representative cytokine, after 6 hours incubation. Assays performed in triplicate in 96 well microtiter plates with confluent human epithelial cells + 200 µl keratinocyte serum-free medium with or without 20 µl milk samples. Student’s t test was used to determine significant differences in means. P ≪ 0.001 indicates mean differences much greater than p < 0.001; NS = Not Significant.