Table 1.
Synthesis of the results of studies that evaluate the acute and chronic effects of combined aerobic exercise and blood flow restriction on metabolic variables in obese individuals, athletes and young adults.
| References | Subjects | Variables | Exercise protocol | Intensity or frequency of training/duration of study | Exercise volume | Interval |
PADE
(mmHg) |
BFR between sets |
SW
(cm) |
Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EX | FE | SE | Sets or continuous | Repetitions or duration time | |||||||||
| Abe et al., 2010b | 19 Elderly men and women | VO2max | WALK | TREADMILL | 67 m/min | 5× week/6 weeks | Continuous | 20 min | - | 200 | – | 5.0 | No improvement in VO2Max in the groups |
| Abe et al., 2010a | 19 Adult men | VO2max | CYC | CYCLE | – | 40% VO2 with and without BFR 1× day/3× week - 8 weeks | Continuous | 15 min with BFR 45 min without BFR |
– | 160–210 | – | 5.0 | ↑ VO2Max in cycling with BFR |
| Park et al., 2010 | 12 Basketball players | VO2max
VEMax |
WALK | TREADMILL | 4–6 km/h | 2× day/6× week 2 weeks |
5 Series | 3 min | 1 min | 160–230 | Yes | – | ↑VEmax and VO2max in training protocol with BFR |
| Ozaki et al., 2011 | 10 Men | VO2 (L/min) | CYC | CYCLE | 70 rpm | 20–40–60% VO2max with and without BFR | Continuous | 4 min each stage | – | 200 | Yes | 5.0 | ↑VO2 between 20 and 60% in the session with BFR |
| Loenneke et al., 2011 | 10 Men and women | EE and VO2 (L/min) | WALK | TREADMILL | 75 m/min | AE + BFR AE |
5 sets | 2 min | 1 min | Elastic | Yes | 7.6 | ↑VO2 and EE in the exercise session with BFR |
| Loenneke et al., 2012 | 9 Men and women | [La+] | WALK | TREADMILL | 75 m/min | AE + BFR AE |
5 sets | 2 min | 1 min | Elastic | Yes | 7.6 | WALKING+BFR does not change metabolic stress |
| Mendonca et al., 2014 | 18 Healthy men | Energy expenditure | WALK | TREADMILL | – | <30%VO2max | 5 sets | 3 min | 1 min | 200 | Yes | 6 × 83 | Energy expenditure > for walking with BFR |
| Corvino et al., 2014 | 13 Active subjects | TTE | CYC | CYCLE | – | 30% Pmax + BFR 30% Pmax |
2 Set | 5–8 Repetitions | 1 min | 140–200 | Yes | 18 | ↑ in TTE for walking with BFR |
| Mendonca et al., 2015 | 17 Young men | EPOC | WALK | TREADMILL | – | <30%VO2Max | 5 Sets | 3 min | 1 min | 200 | Yes | 6 × 83 | EPOC> in exercise session with BFR |
| de Oliveira et al., 2015 | 37 Subjects | Pmax. PALS, VO2Max | CYC | CYCLE | – | 30% Pmax + BFR110% Pmax30% Pmax110%-30% Pmax +BFR3x week/4 weeks | 2 Sets | 5–8 Repetitions | 5 min | 140–200 | Yes | 18 | ↑VO2Max and Pmax and improvement in PALS for the LI with BFR protocol |
| Karabulut and Garcia, 2015 | 34 Obese men and women | EE, RER | CYC | CYCLE | 50 rpm | 40%+BFR 60%+BFR Without BFR 50 Watts |
2 Sets | 10 min | 1 min | 40% 60% |
Yes | 5.0 | ↑ EE and RER > in the BFR protocol |
| Taylor et al., 2016 | 20 Trained men | VO2Max | RUN | TREADMILL | – | SIT + BFR SIT 2× week/4 weeks |
4, 5, 6. and 7 sprints | 30 s | 270 s | 130 post-exercise | No | 6 × 83 | ↑VO2Max for the protocol with BFR |
| Kim et al., 2016 | 31 Trained young men |
VO2Max | CYC | BICYCLE | – | 3× week/6 weeks | Continuous | 20 min | – | 160–180 | Yes | 5.0 | VO2MAX did not increase in the LI group. |
| Corvino et al., 2016 | 12 Men | VO2, [La], VE | CYC | CYCLE | – | HI IBFR30 CBFR30 CON30 IBFR0 |
2 Sets with 5 reps Continuous |
2 35 min |
1 | 80% | No | 18 | ↑ metabolic strain and muscle deoxigenation in protocol I-BFR30 |
| Paton et al., 2017 | 10 men 6 women | RE, TTE and PRV | RUN | TREADMILL | 80%PRV | AE + BFRCON 2× week/4 weeks | 2 Sets | 5 repetitions | 30 sec | Elastic | Yes | 7–10 | ↑ RE, TTE and PRV in protocol with BFR |
| Conceição et al., 2018 | 12 Men | TEE, ALM, AM, VE | CYC | CYCLE | 60–70 rpm | 40% VO2Max + BFR 40% VO2Max |
Continuous | 30 min | – | 80% | No | 18 | ↑ metabolic anaerobic, aerobic, total energy expenditure and Ventilation in protocol AE + BFR |
| Thomas et al., 2018 | 18 Men | VO2 and [La] | CYC | CYCLE | – | HI 85%Pmax LI 40% LI + BFR |
3 Sets | 2 min | 2 min active | 80% | Yes | 10 | ↑VO2, [La] in protocol HI > LI+BFR and LI. VO2, [La] in protocol LI+BFR > LI |
| Tanaka and Takarada, 2018 | 30 Elderly men | VO2Max | CYC | CYCLE | – | 40–70%VO2Max + BFR 3× week/6 months |
Continuous | 15 min | – | 40–80 mmhg ↑ SBP | No | 9 × 7 | ↑ VO2Max in protocol AE + BFR |
| Silva et al., 2019 | 22 Men | VO2 | RUN WALK |
TREADMILL | – | HIIE AE + BFR AE |
6 Sets Continuous |
90 s 18 min |
90 s active | 50% | No | 18 | ↑VO2 in protocol HIIE But, VO2 in protocol AE + BFR > AE |
| Pfeiffer et al., 2019 | 24 Men | EE | WALK | TREADMILL | – | 40% Maximal Speed | 5 Sets | 2 min | 1 min | 0 50% 80% 100% |
Yes | 18 | ↑EE in protocol walk with 50% BFR |
BFR, blood flow restriction; VO2Max, maximum oxygen consumption; VEMAX, Maximum ventilation; PMAX, maximum power; EPOC, excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption; EE, energy expenditure; TEE, total energy expenditure; ALM, Anaerobic Lactic Metabolism; RE, running economy; TTE, time to exhaustion; AM, Aerobic Metabolism; VE, Ventilation; PRV, peak running velocity; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; OBLA, onset blood lactate accumulation; EX, exercise; FE, form of execution; SE, speed of execution; WALK, walking; CYC, cycling; RUN, running; CYCLE, cycle ergometer; min, minutes; s, seconds; CON, Control; PADE, pressure applied during the exercise; SW, sleeve width; –, Not informed; ↑, significant increase; LI + BFR, low intensity combined with blood flow restriction; LI, low intensity; HI, high intensity; HIIE, high intensity interval exercise; IBFR30, intermittent blood flow restriction; CBFR, continuous blood flow restriction.