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. 2019 Oct 4;13:1049. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01049

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Copyright © 2019 Malik, Samaniego and Guo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Anatomic locations of microinjection sites in the rat. (Top two panels) Composite maps displaying histologically verified sites of microinjections in the rVLM of rats. The box indicates the magnified area of the rVLM in these panels. Brain section shows the composite of planes of brain stem rostral to the obex (Paxinos and Watson’s atlas) (Paxinos and Watson, 2005). Symbols represent microinjection of 5% DMSO with and without normal saline (■), 8-SPT (⋄), DPCPX (+), SCH 58261 only (▲), CGS-21680 only (🌑), and naloxone (★). All the injections were unilateral (side chosen randomly). Sections are 1.08 – 1.32 and 1.32 – 1.56 mm rostral to the obex. Amb, nucleus ambiguous; IO, inferior olive; rVLM, rostral ventrolateral medulla; Sp5, spinal trigeminal nucleus. (Bottom panel) An original slide of the medulla oblongata (1.32 mm rostral to the obex) shows the blue-dyed track of a modified microdialysis probe insertion used for injection. Ventral aspect of blue dye represents the site of microinjection in the rVLM as indicated by an arrow. A scale bar represents 1 mm.