Table 2.
Echocardiographic findings
| Total (n = 348) | Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detected (n = 35) | not detected (n = 313) | |||
| TEE findings | ||||
| Complex aortic arch atheroma | 213 (61.2%) | 25 (71.4%) | 188 (60.1%) | 0.19 |
| Mobile plaque | 23 (6.6%) | 4 (11.4%) | 19 (6.1%) | 0.23 |
| Ulcer | 87 (25.0%) | 8 (22.9%) | 79 (25.2%) | 0.76 |
| Patent foramen ovale | 50 (14.4%) | 2 (5.7%) | 48 (15.3%) | 0.12 |
| Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula | 27 (7.8%) | 2 (5.7%) | 25 (8.0%) | 0.63 |
| Spontaneous echo contrast | 36 (10.3%) | 11 (31.4%) | 25 (8.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Left atrial thrombus | 4 (1.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0.32 |
| Atrial septal aneurysm | 39 (11.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 38 (12.1%) | 0.10 |
| Valvular strands | 92 (26.4%) | 6 (17.1%) | 86 (27.5%) | 0.19 |
| Left atrial appendage flow, cm/s | 67.0 (IQR 51.6–82.3) | 56.6 (IQR 32.9–80.7) | 67.9 (IQR 53.2–82.3) | 0.02 |
| <25.0 cm/s | 8 (2.3%) | 4 (11.4%) | 4 (1.3%) | 0.0001 |
| <46.9 cm/s | 63 (18.1%) | 14 (40.0%) | 49 (15.7%) | 0.0004 |
| Others | 3 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0.56 |
| No findings | 57 (16.4%) | 5 (14.3%) | 52 (16.6%) | 0.72 |
| TTE findings | ||||
| Left atrial dimension, mm | 38.7±5.9 | 41.7±4.9 | 38.3±5.9 | 0.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index | 145.0 (IQR 118.2–174.7) | 153.6 (IQR 126.6–184.0) | 144.2 (IQR 117.1–174.6) | 0.33 |
| Fractional shortening, % | 40.9 (IQR 35.4–45.9) | 41.0 (IQR 35.7–45.5) | 40.9 (IQR 35.2–46.0) | 0.89 |
| Ejection fraction | 71.0 (IQR 64.0–77.0) | 70.0 (IQR 65.0–76.0) | 71.5 (IQR 64.0–77.3) | 0.65 |
IQR, interquartile range; TEE, transesophageal echocardiography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography. Other TEE findings included ventricular septal defect (n = 1), atrial septal defect (n = 1), cardiac tumor (n = 1), Chiari network (n = 1), and right atrial thrombus (n = 1). Data for left atrial dimension are shown as means ± SD.