Table 4.
Effects of ECD on family consumption and workforce participation in China. (Unit: CNY per family member).
| Outcome Index | Matched-Family (by Nearest Neighbor) | Matched-Family (by Stratification) | Excluding Family with Death (by Nearest Neighbor) | Excluding Family with 1% most Expensive ECD Cases (by Nearest Neighbor) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household Consumption | ||||
| Inpatient OP expenditure (1 year) | 5233.07 (<0.01) | 5438.66 (<0.01) | 5045.31 (<0.01) | 4576.75 (<0.01) |
| Outpatient OP expenditure (15 days) | 74.18 (<0.01) | 79.96 (<0.01) | 86.34 (<0.01) | 66.68 (<0.01) |
| Outpatient OP expenditure on non-major health conditions (15 days) | −18.95 (<0.01) | −13.83 (<0.01) | −11.99 (<0.01) | −12.96 (<0.01) |
| Outpatient OP expenditure for members without ECD (15 days) | −18.13 (0.01) | −12.42 (<0.01) | −11.56 (0.05) | −14.79 (0.03) |
| Non-medical consumption expenditure (15 days) | −27.69 (0.265) | −48.79 (0.020) | −85.63 (0.033) | −33.15 (0.174) |
| PCT of borrowing or selling assets to finance inpatient care (1 year) | 0.357 (<0.01) | 0.362 (<0.01) | 0.393 (<0.01) | 0.336 (<0.01) |
| PCT of borrowing/selling assets to finance outpatient care (15 days) | 0.034 (<0.01) | 0.042 (<0.01) | 0.038 (<0.01) | 0.032 (<0.01) |
| Workforce Participation | ||||
| PCT of family members aged 45+ who are working | −2.41 (0.07) | −3.03 (<0.01) | −2.81 (<0.07) | −3.32 (0.03) |
| PCT of family members without ECD aged 45+ who are working | 1.71 (0.26) | 1.11 (<0.36) | 1.92 (0.26) | 0.72 (0.59) |
Notes: CNY = China Yuan, OP = Out-of-pocket. Values in parentheses refer to p-values that the matched ECD-affected and control outcomes differ in a two-tailed test. ‘Non-major’ health conditions refer to conditions other than cancer, heart disease, stroke, injuries and diabetes.