TABLE 2.
Biomarkers in exosomes associated with neurodegenerative disease.
| Name of disease | Source | Contents | Mechanism | Clinical application | References |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Plasma and CSF | Aβ and NFT | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Wang et al., 2017; Xiao et al., 2017 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Plasma | REST, HSF-1, Lamp 1 and IRS | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | DeLeo and Ikezu, 2018; Pluta and Ulamek-Koziol, 2019 |
| Alzheimer’s disease | Serum | miR-135a, miR-193b and miR-384 | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Goetzl et al., 2015b |
| Parkinson’s disease | CSF | α - SYN, DJ-1 miR-1, miR-485-5p, miR-153, miR-409- | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Joshi et al., 2015; Li et al., 2019 |
| Parkinson’s disease | CSF | 3p, miR-433, miR-136-3p, let-7g-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-10a-5p, miR-132-5p, miR-370 and miR-873-3p | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Yang J. et al., 2017 |
| Prion Diseases | Plasma | PrPSc | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Hartmann et al., 2017 |
| Prion Diseases | Serum | miR-142-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-145a-5p, miR-451a, miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-320, miR-let-7b, miR-141-3p, miR-429-3p and miR- 200 family | Neuronal damage and inflammation | Early diagnosis and severity judgment | Reza-Zaldivar et al., 2018; Shah et al., 2018 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Peripheral blood and CSF | TDP-43 | Neuronal damage and inflammation | Early diagnosis | Iguchi et al., 2016 |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Plasma | miR-183-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-193a-5p and miR- 15a-5p | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Saucier et al., 2019 |
| Huntington’s disease | Plasma | mHtt | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis and severity judgment | Wang et al., 2017; Denis et al., 2018 |
| Huntington’s disease | Plasma | miR-877-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-30d-5p, miR-128, miR-22-5p, miR-223-5p, miR-222-3p, miR-338-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-628-3p, miR-361-5p, miR-425-5p | Neuronal damage | Early diagnosis | Kumar et al., 2017 |
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ plaque, aggregation of beta-amyloid protein; NFT, neurofibrillary tangles; α-SYN, alpha-synuclein; DJ-1, oxidative stress sensor; PrPSc, misfolded prion protein; TDP-43, a protein that helps regulate gene expression; mHtt, produces mutant Huntington protein.