Table 1.
Primers used in this study
| Target | Forward primer 5′−3′ | Reverse primer 5′−3′ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Viruses | |||
| Acute paralysis virus | TCATACCTGCCGATCAAG | CTGAATAATACTGTGCGTATC | Locke, Forsgren, Fries, and de Miranda (2012) |
| Black queen cell virus | AGTGGCGGAGATGTATGC | GGAGGTGAAGTGGCTATATC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Chronic paralysis virus | CAACCTGCCTCAACACAG | AATCTGGCAAGGTTGACTGG | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Deformed wing virus A | TTCATTAAAGCCACCTGGAACATC | TTTCCTCATTAACTGTGTCGTTGA | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Deformed wing virus B | GCCCTGTTCAAGAACATG | CTTTTCTAATTCAACTTCACC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 | TGGTTYACCCAAGTACCKGTTAG | ATGCKGACCATTCGCTTC | Papp, Spann, and Marschang (2014) |
| Israeli acute paralysis virus | CCATGCCTGGCGATTCAC | CTGAATAATACTGTGCGTATC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Kashmir bee virus | CCATACCTGCTGATAACC | CTGAATAATACTGTGCGTATC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Lake Sinai Virus | TCATCCCAAGAGAACCAC | GCATGGAAGAGAGTAGGTA | This study |
| Sacbrood virus | TTGGAACTACGCATTCTCTG | GCTCTAACCTCGCATCAAC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Slow paralysis virus | GCGCTTTAGTTCAATTGCC | ATTATAGGACGTGAAAATATAC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Varroa destructor macula‐like virus | ATCCCTTTTCAGTTCGCT | AGAAGAGACTTCAAGGAC | Locke et al. (2012) |
| Bacteria | |||
| Frischella perrara | GAAGCGAAGGTGCGAGCTGG | GTGGTAAACGCCCCCCTTGC | This study |
| Melissococcus plutonius | TGTTGTTAGAGAAGAATAGGGGAA | CGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGA | Budge et al. (2010) |
| Paenibacillus larvae | CGGGAGACGCCAGGTTAG | TTCTTCCTTGGCAACAGAGC | Martínez, Simon, Gonzalez, and Conget (2010) |
| Parasites | |||
| Crithidia mellificae, Lotmaria passim | CCGCTTTTGGTCGGTGGAGTGAT | GCAGGGACGTAATCGGCACAGTTT | This study, adapted from Meeus, De Graaf, Jans, and Smagghe (2010) |
| Nosema apis | CAGTTATGGGAAGTAACATAGTTG | CGATTTGCCCTCCAATTAATCTG | This study |
| Nosema ceranae | TGAGGCAGTTATGGGAAGTAATATTATATTG | ACTTGATTTGCCCTCCAATTAATCAC | This study |
| Acarapis woodii | GGAATATGATCTGGTTTAGTTGGTC | GAATCAATTTCCAAACCCACCAATC | Cepero et al. (2015) |
| Control genes | |||
| Actin | TGCCAACACTGTCCTTTCTG | AGAATTGACCCACCAATCCA | Lourenço, Mackert, dos Santos Cristino and Simões (2008) |
| Elongation factor 1 | GGAGATGCTGCCATCGTTAT | CAGCAGCGTCCTTGAAAGTT | Lourenço et al. (2008) |
| Ribosomal protein S5 | AATTATTTGGTCGCTGGAATTG | TAACGTCCAGCAGAATGTGGTA | Evans (2006) |
| TBP‐association factor | TTGGTTTCATTAGCTGCACAA | ACTGCGGGAGTCAAATCTTC | Lourenço et al. (2008) |