Table 3 |.
Risk factors for cardiovascular events in the GDCN cohort
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable model | |||
| Baseline variables | |||
| Age at biopsy (per decade increase from <30 years old) | 1.8 | 1.3–2.5 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 1.0 | 0.5–2.1 | 0.973 |
| Diabetes | 4.4 | 1.9–10.4 | <0.001 |
| Previous history of CVE | 6.0 | 2.9–12.5 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | |||
| Ever (vs. never) | 1.5 | 0.6–3.8 | 0.439 |
| Current (vs. ever or no smoking) | 1.1 | 0.4–2.5 | 0.868 |
| Lower eGFR category (eGFR <45 vs. 45–60 vs. >60 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 1.7 | 1.1 −2.5 | 0.011 |
| Nephrotic syndrome (vs. subnephrotic) | 2.4 | 0.6–10.2 | 0.232 |
| Medication use | |||
| Aspirin | 1.8 | 0.8–4.0 | 0.112 |
| Corticosteroid | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 0.157 |
| CNI | 0.3 | 0.03–1.5 | 0.143 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 0.5 | 0.2–1.1 | 0.101 |
| Statin | 0.5 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.096 |
| Severity of hypercholesterolemia (≥300 vs. 200–300 vs. <200 mg/dl) | 1.5 | 0.7–3.2 | 0.311 |
| Time-varying variablesa | |||
| Lower eGFR category | 2.2 | 1.1 −4.3 | 0.027 |
| Severity of nephrotic syndrome (nephrotic vs. subnephrotic vs. normal) | 1.6 | 1.1 −2.3 | 0.023 |
| Multivariable modelb | |||
| Age at biopsy (decades) | 1.6 | 1.2–2.2 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 3.0 | 1.2–7.7 | 0.025 |
| Previous history of CVE | 2.7 | 1.2–6.3 | 0.02 |
| Time-varying severity of nephrotic syndrome | 2.1 | 1.1 −4.3 | 0.032 |
CI, confidence interval; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; CVE, cardiovascular event; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by MDRD equation; MN, membranous nephropathy.
a
Time-varying values of eGFR category and severity of nephrotic syndrome over the follow-up times were taken into account as explanatory variables.
b
Current smoking, statin use, and baseline and time-varying lower eGFR categories were removed from the final model by backward elimination.