Table 4.
Concentrations of biomarkers by frequency of fruit juice intake among participants free of diabetes and CVD in the Nurses’ Health Study (n 8492)*
(Least-squares means and 95 % confidence intervals)
| Frequency of fruit juice intake | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or almost never | Less than once per week | Once to twice per week | Three to six times per week | Once per day or more | ||||||||||||
| Biomarker concentrations | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Mean | 95 % CI | Pfor trend | |||||
| Hepatic biomarkers | ||||||||||||||||
| Fetuin-A (μg/ml) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 104 | 182 | 151 | 531 | 441 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 469·1 | 10·3 | 474·8 | 7·8 | 456·3 | 8·6 | 461·7 | 4·6 | 461·1 | 5·0 | 0·37 | |||||
| Model 2 | 473·2 | 11·1 | 472·8 | 8·0 | 451·7 | 8·8 | 460·7 | 4·9 | 460·0 | 5·5 | 0·43 | |||||
| Alanine transaminase (U/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 109 | 168 | 150 | 494 | 397 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 19·2 | 0·9 | 18·0 | 0·7 | 19·7 | 0·7 | 19·6 | 0·4 | 18·7 | 0·5 | 0·67 | |||||
| Model 2 | 19·4 | 1·0 | 17·9 | 0·7 | 19·2 | 0·8 | 19·4 | 0·4 | 18·4 | 0·5 | 0·66 | |||||
| γ-Glutamyl transferase (U/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 109 | 168 | 149 | 493 | 397 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 24·5 | 2·7 | 22·2 | 2·2 | 21·1 | 2·3 | 24·4 | 1·3 | 23·1 | 1·4 | 0·83 | |||||
| Model 2 | 25·3 | 2·9 | 21·8 | 2·1 | 21·3 | 2·3 | 24·8 | 1·3 | 23·4 | 1·5 | 0·73 | |||||
| Lipid biomarkers | ||||||||||||||||
| TAG (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 256 | 419 | 369 | 1238 | 1047 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 2·61 | 0·08 | 2·66 | 0·06 | 2·73 | 0·07 | 2·78 | 0·04 | 2·83 | 0·04 | 0·007 | |||||
| Model 2 | 2·63 | 0·08 | 2·65 | 0·06 | 2·72 | 0·07 | 2·81 | 0·04 | 2·92 | 0·05 | <0·0001 | |||||
| Total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 241 | 370 | 318 | 1021 | 897 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 3·68 | 0·09 | 3·79 | 0·07 | 3·95 | 0·08 | 3·87 | 0·04 | 3·77 | 0·05 | 0·54 | |||||
| Model 2 | 3·78 | 0·12 | 3·89 | 0·10 | 4·06 | 0·1 | 3·98 | 0·08 | 3·92 | 0·08 | 0·92 | |||||
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 252 | 388 | 334 | 1102 | 960 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·57 | 0·03 | 1·54 | 0·02 | 1·46 | 0·02 | 1·52 | 0·01 | 1·54 | 0·01 | 0·48 | |||||
| Model 2 | 1·52 | 0·03 | 1·51 | 0·03 | 1·42 | 0·02 | 1·48 | 0·02 | 1·48 | 0·02 | 0·96 | |||||
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 136 | 226 | 186 | 633 | 516 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 3·24 | 0·08 | 3·21 | 0·06 | 3·20 | 0·07 | 3·25 | 0·04 | 3·26 | 0·04 | 0·43 | |||||
| Model 2 | 3·11 | 0·09 | 3·17 | 0·07 | 3·18 | 0·07 | 3·24 | 0·05 | 3·24 | 0·05 | 0·17 | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 348 | 512 | 452 | 1454 | 1268 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 5·52 | 0·05 | 5·50 | 0·04 | 5·46 | 0·05 | 5·56 | 0·03 | 5·49 | 0·03 | 0·90 | |||||
| Model 2 | 5·47 | 0·06 | 5·53 | 0·05 | 5·46 | 0·05 | 5·58 | 0·03 | 5·52 | 0·04 | 0·58 | |||||
| Inflammatory biomarkers | ||||||||||||||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 477 | 701 | 657 | 2204 | 1848 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 1·72 | 0·08 | 1·79 | 0·07 | 1·66 | 0·07 | 1·75 | 0·04 | 1·65 | 0·04 | 0·18 | |||||
| Model 2 | 1·69 | 0·09 | 1·77 | 0·07 | 1·67 | 0·07 | 1·79 | 0·05 | 1·79 | 0·05 | 0·23 | |||||
| Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/ml) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 175 | 277 | 253 | 856 | 710 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 227·8 | 4·1 | 230·6 | 3·3 | 230·0 | 3·5 | 230·6 | 1·9 | 227·8 | 2·1 | 0·50 | |||||
| Model 2 | 235·7 | 4·6 | 236·2 | 3·4 | 238·2 | 3·6 | 240·7 | 2·1 | 238·3 | 2·3 | 0·69 | |||||
| Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (ng/mL) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 96 | 142 | 143 | 455 | 369 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 615·6 | 14·6 | 590·0 | 11·6 | 588·1 | 11·5 | 600·7 | 6·6 | 591·3 | 7·3 | 0·55 | |||||
| Model 2 | 618·0 | 16·9 | 584·2 | 11·6 | 585·5 | 11·5 | 598·2 | 6·8 | 587·8 | 7·5 | 0·59 | |||||
| Metabolic biomarkers | ||||||||||||||||
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 528 | 726 | 661 | 2210 | 1883 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 11·5 | 0·2 | 10·8 | 0·2 | 10·7 | 0·2 | 10·7 | 0·1 | 10·7 | 0·1 | 0·05 | |||||
| Model 2 | 11·4 | 0·3 | 10·7 | 0·2 | 106 | 0·2 | 10·5 | 0·1 | 10·2 | 0·2 | 0·0002 | |||||
| Insulin (μU/ml) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 214 | 332 | 295 | 1038 | 846 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 4·35 | 0·21 | 4·68 | 0·18 | 5·36 | 0·22 | 5·08 | 0·11 | 4·88 | 0·12 | 0·64 | |||||
| Model 2 | 4·33 | 0·22 | 4·6 | 0·18 | 5·07 | 0·20 | 4·99 | 0·12 | 4·96 | 0·13 | 0·11 | |||||
| HbA1C(%) | ||||||||||||||||
| n | 385 | 540 | 481 | 1621 | 1331 | |||||||||||
| Model 1 | 5·38 | 0·02 | 5·37 | 0·01 | 5·39 | 0·01 | 5·38 | 0·01 | 5·40 | 0·01 | 0·18 | |||||
| Model 2 | 5·40 | 0·02 | 5·40 | 0·01 | 5·41 | 0·02 | 5·41 | 0·01 | 5·43 | 0·01 | 0·01 | |||||
Biomarker sample sizes vary: fetuin-A (n 1409), alanine transaminase (n 1318), γ-glutamyl transferase (n 1316), TAG (n 3329), total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio (n 2847), HDL-cholesterol (n 3036), LDL-cholesterol (n 1697), total cholesterol (n 4034), C-reactive protein (n 5887), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (n 2271), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (n 1205), adiponectin (n 6008), insulin (n 2725), HbA1c (n 4358). Values were determined using general linear models. Model 1 was adjusted for age at blood draw, fasting status (yes/no), and time of blood draw (blood collection cycle 1/2). Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus smoking status (current/former/never), alcohol intake (continuous), physical activity (tertile), total energy intake (tertile), Alternate Healthy Eating Index score excluding sugar-sweetened beverages (tertile), postmenopausal hormone use (yes/no) and BMI (continuous).