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. 2019 Oct 4;10:2301. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301

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Copyright © 2019 Vaisitti, Arruga, Guerra and Deaglio.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ectonucleotidases network. (A) Structure of ATP and NAD⁺ with indication of cleavage sites by the different ectonucleotidases. (B) Schematic representation of the fate of extracellular ATP and NAD⁺ dismantling operated by the different ectonucleotidases and the functional consequences of the generated metabolites. ENTPDase, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase; ENPP, ecto-phosphodiesterase/nucleotide phosphohydrolase; ATP, adenine-triphosphate; ADP, adenine-diphosphate; AMP, adenine-monophosphate; ADO, adenosine; P2XR, ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel; P2YR, G protein-coupled P2Y receptor; P1R, adenosine purinergic receptor; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ADPR, ADP-ribose; cADPR, cyclic-ADPR; Ca²⁺, calcium ions.