TABLE 2. Influenza vaccination and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) coverage among pregnant women who reported a recommendation and offer or referral for vaccination by their health care provider, by selected characteristics — Internet panel survey, United States, March–April 2019.
| Characteristic | Influenza* |
Tdap |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % (weighted) offered/referred for vaccination | % (weighted) vaccinated among those offered/referred | No. | % (weighted) offered/referred for vaccination | % (weighted) vaccinated among those offered/referred | |
|
Total
|
2,067
|
73.3
|
65.7
|
817
|
76.0
|
70.5
|
|
Age group (yrs)
| ||||||
| 18–24 |
441 |
69.8† |
65.4 |
155 |
80.0† |
70.1† |
| 25–34 |
1,153 |
74.4 |
64.7 |
480 |
78.0† |
72.5† |
| 35–49§ |
473 |
74.9 |
68.5 |
182 |
65.0 |
63.8 |
|
Race/Ethnicity¶
| ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic§ |
1,252 |
74.2 |
69.0 |
542 |
78.2 |
77.4 |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
230 |
69.0† |
46.6† |
87 |
68.3† |
53.3† |
| Hispanic |
365 |
74.3 |
70.8 |
113 |
75.2 |
66.1† |
| Other, non-Hispanic |
220 |
75.6 |
72.3 |
75 |
82.1 |
66.7† |
|
Education
| ||||||
| Less than high school diploma |
511 |
69.7† |
58.4† |
205 |
73.1 |
65.7† |
| Some college, no degree |
480 |
70.5† |
60.2† |
206 |
78.8† |
68.6† |
| College degree (2- or 4-year) |
833 |
75.2† |
70.3† |
314 |
77.6† |
72.2† |
| More than college degree§ |
243 |
81.4 |
75.8 |
92 |
70.6 |
81.7 |
|
Marital status**
| ||||||
| Married§ |
1,224 |
76.7 |
73.7 |
547 |
78.2 |
73.2 |
| Unmarried |
842 |
69.0† |
54.4† |
270 |
72.6† |
65.8† |
|
Employment status††
| ||||||
| Working§ |
1,166 |
75.3 |
69.5 |
396 |
72.7 |
69.0 |
| Not working |
901 |
70.8 |
60.4† |
421 |
79.1† |
71.7 |
|
Poverty status§§
| ||||||
| At or above poverty§ |
1,596 |
75.4 |
68.5 |
624 |
76.9 |
72.5 |
| Below poverty |
469 |
66.8† |
55.4† |
192 |
74.2 |
63.9† |
|
Area of residence¶¶
| ||||||
| Nonrural§ |
1,670 |
73.8 |
66.4 |
638 |
76.6 |
70.1 |
| Rural |
397 |
71.2 |
61.9 |
179 |
73.9 |
72.2 |
|
Region***
| ||||||
| Northeast§ |
340 |
78.4 |
67.9 |
126 |
74.8 |
75.5 |
| Midwest |
483 |
74.7 |
67.3 |
206 |
78.5 |
72.8 |
| South |
844 |
69.9† |
63.2 |
335 |
75.6 |
66.7† |
| West |
400 |
73.8 |
66.2 |
150 |
75.4 |
70.8 |
|
Prenatal insurance status†††
| ||||||
| Private/Military§ |
1,035 |
76.4 |
73.1 |
410 |
77.4 |
77.0 |
| Public |
955 |
71.9 |
58.9† |
389 |
75.4 |
65.2† |
| Uninsured |
77 |
51.0† |
45.1† |
<30 |
—§§§ |
—§§§ |
|
No. of provider visits since July 2018
| ||||||
| None |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| 1–5 |
395 |
63.4† |
60.1† |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| 6–10 |
784 |
72.8† |
67.4 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| >10§ |
888 |
78.0 |
66.2 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
|
High-risk condition for influenza¶¶¶
| ||||||
| Yes§ |
886 |
78.4 |
65.4 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
| No | 971 | 69.8† | 66.7 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Abbreviation: N/A = not applicable.
* Women who did not report any provider visits since July 2018 (30) were excluded from the influenza analysis as they could not have received a provider offer of or referral for vaccination during influenza season. No women were excluded from the Tdap analysis.
† ≥5 percentage-point difference compared with referent group.
§ Referent group for comparison within subgroups.
¶ Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Women identified as Hispanic might be of any race. The “other” race category included Asians, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders, and women who selected “other” or multiple races.
** Excludes one woman who did not report marital status.
†† Women who were employed for wages and self-employed were categorized as working; those who were out of work, homemakers, students, retired, or unable to work were categorized as not working.
§§ Poverty status was defined based on the reported number of people and children living in the household and annual household income, according to the U.S. Census poverty thresholds (https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-thresholds.html).
¶¶ Rurality was defined using ZIP codes where >50% of the population resides in either a nonmetropolitan county and/or a rural U.S. Census tract, according to the Health Resources and Services Administration’s definition of rural population (https://www.hrsa.gov/rural-health/about-us/definition/index.html).
*** Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
††† Women pregnant on their survey date were asked about current insurance; women who had already delivered were asked about insurance “during your most recent pregnancy.” Women considered to have public insurance selected at least one of the following when asked what kind of medical insurance they had: Medicaid, Medicare, Indian Health Service, state-sponsored medical plan, or other government plan. Women considered to have private/military insurance selected private medical insurance and/or military medical insurance and did not select any type of public insurance.
§§§ Estimates with sample size <30 are not reported.
¶¶¶ Conditions other than pregnancy associated with increased risk for serious medical complications of influenza include chronic asthma, a lung condition other than asthma, a heart condition, diabetes, a kidney condition, a liver condition, obesity, or a weakened immune system caused by a chronic illness or by medicines taken for a chronic illness. Women who were missing information (223) were excluded from analysis.