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. 2019 Oct 4;10:2312. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02312

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Copyright © 2019 Kamermans, Verhoeven, van het Hof, Koning, Borghuis, Witte, van Horssen, de Vries and Rijnsburger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Setmelanotide increases IL-6 and IL-11 mRNA and protein secretion via MC4R. Setmelanotide (10 μM, black bars) significantly increased mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-11 in MC4R+ astrocytes under control and inflammatory conditions (B,E) and not in mock cells (A,D). Likewise, setmelanotide increased IL-6 and IL-11 protein production and secretion as measured in supernatant under basal and inflammatory conditions (C,F). The effects of setmelanotide were completely blocked by MC4R antagonist SHU9119 (10 μM, gray bars, B,C,E,F). Student's t-test (mock) and One-way ANOVA (MC4R+), n = 2–3 independent experiments with 3 technical replicates per experiment for mRNA levels. For ELISA, supernatant was collected from 3 independent stimulations. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.