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. 2019 Oct 4;10:2326. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02326

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Copyright © 2019 Gebremariam, Qazi, Somiah, Pathak, Sjölinder, Sverremark Ekström and Jonsson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Differential effect of H. pylori and L. gasseri on macrophage polarization. (A) Schematic presentation of the polarization pathways of classically activated M1 and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Monocytes isolated from the PBMCs of healthy donors were cultured with M-CSF containing medium for 6 days for differentiation into the M0 state. M1 and M2 macrophages were generated by treating M0 cells with LPS or with IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. M0 cells were also stimulated either with H. pylori or L. gas alone or in combination. Cells were then assessed with the following set of markers: (B) CD80, (C) HLA-DR, (D) CD206, and (E) CD209 by flow cytometry.