Table 3.
Dose, timing, and spectrum of maternal antibiotics during pregnancy and child BMI-z at 48 to <72 months
| Adjusted* β (95% CI) | |
|---|---|
| Pregnancy exposures | |
| Trimester-specific antibiotics | |
| Any antibiotics 1 st trimester | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.04) |
| Any antibiotics 2nd trimester | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) |
| Any antibiotics 3rd trimester | 0.01 (−0.03,0.05) |
| Any broad-spectrum antibiotics | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) |
| Any narrow spectrum antibiotics | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) |
| Antibiotic prescribing episodes | |
| 0 | 0.0 (ref) |
| 1 | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.04) |
| 2 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) |
| 3 | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.01) |
| 4+ | 0.05 (−0.06,0.16) |
Results shown for 6 separate models, each with the outcome of child BMI-Z at 48 to <72 months and the reference group of no antibiotics during pregnancy.
Model 1: Exposure is any antibiotics in the 1st trimester
Model 2: Exposure is any antibiotics in the 2nd trimester (any antibiotics in the 1st trimester as a covariate).
Model 3: Exposure is any antibiotics in the 3rd trimester (any antibiotics in the 1st or second trimester as covariates)
Model 4: Exposure is any broad-spectrum antibiotics during pregnancy.
Model 5: Exposure is any narrow spectrum antibiotics during pregnancy (limited to participants with no broad-spectrum antibiotics during pregnancy)
Model 6: Exposure is the number of antibiotic prescribing episodes during pregnancy (categorized as 0 [ref], 1, 2, 3, 4+)
All models were corrected for clustering by site plus adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, total gestational weight gain, smoking during pregnancy, glucose status, age at delivery, and mode of delivery and child race, ethnicity, sex, and age at outcome.