Table 1.
OI type | Mutations at gene | Human phenotype | Ref. | Mouse model | Mouse phenotype | Effectiveness | Ref. |
I | COL1A1/2 | α1 chain collagen haplo-insufficiency; vertebral compression fractures; short height; low lumbar spine bone mineral density | [32,33] | Col1a1+/Mov13 | Decreased type I collagen in mineralized tissue, weakened bone strength; abnormal shape of long bones; alterations of the mechanical properties of long bones | + | [44-46] |
II | COL1A1/2 | Perinatal lethal | [32,33] | BrtlII; Aga2/b | Perinatal lethal | + | [44,47] |
III | COL1A1/2 | High bone turnover; decreased mineralization; increased osteoclastic activity; small size; fractures; osteopenia; bone deformities | [32,33] | COL1A2 KO | Increased bone formation rate; fractures; reduced size; osteopenia; decreased mineralization; abnormal bone shape | + | [44,48-51] |
IV | COL1A1/2 | Increased bone fragility; growth deficiency; weak bone geometry; impaired bone remodeling; decreased bone volume | [32,33] | 349G->C COL1A1 | Decreases in severity with age; increased bone brittleness; reduced bone size; abnormal bone shape; impaired bone remodeling | + | [52-56] |
V | IFITM5 | Increased mineralization; increased osteoblast markers; decreased COL1A1 expression, secretion and deposition in the matrix; hyperplastic callus; calcification of the forearm interosseous membrane; radial-head dislocation; subphyseal metaphyseal radiodense band | [32,33] | 14C->T IFITM5 | Severe skeletal defects; perinatal lethality; decreased mineralization; reduced expression of osteoblast markers | - | [64-66] |
VI Atypical | IFITM5 | Decreased levels of PEDF; decreased mineralization | [32,33] | IFITM5 Knock-Down | Reduced skeletal size less extreme in adults; no abnormal osteoclastogenesis; no abnormal osteoblasto-genesis | - | [67] |
VI | SERPINF1 | Decreased mineralization; decreased trabecular bone | [32,33] | PEDF KO | Decreased ECM mineralization; reduced trabecular bone volume | + | [57] |
VII | CRTAP | Growth delay; osteopenia; decreased bone formation; decreased mineralization; multiple fractures | [32,33] | CRTAP KO | Growth underdevelopment; osteopenia; decreased osteoblastogenesis; decreased mineralization; no spontaneous fractures | + | [58-61] |
VIII | LEPRE1 | Lethal; severe growth deficiency; bone fragility; poorly mineralized skull; scoliosis; decreased mineralization | [32,33] | LEPRE1 Knock-Down | No lethality; abnormal collagen fibril ultrastructure in bone, tendon and skin | - | [60,68,69] |
IX | PPIB | Lethality; severe bone mass reduction; extreme bone strength reduction | [32,33] | PPIB KO | Bone mass reduction; bone strength reduction | No enough information | [35,36] |
X | SERPINH1 | Embryonic lethality; delayed type I collagen secretion; collagen accumulation in Golgi apparatus; osteopenia; dentinogenesis imperfecta; thin bones | [32,33] | HSP47 KO | Delayed type I collagen secretion; collagen accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum | - | [70,71] |
XI | FKBP10 | Growth delay; neonatal lethality; bone fragility | [32,33] | FKBP10 KO | Bone brittleness; underdeveloped growth; lethality | + | [62,63] |
XII | OSX | Skeletal deformities; fractures; osteoporosis | [32,33] | Osx KO | No bone formation; decreased mineralization | No enough information | [37,38] |
XIII | BMP1 | Skull defects; reduced bone mass; reduced bone strength | [32,33] | BMP1 KO | Reduced ossification of certain skull bones | No enough information | [39] |
XIV | Tric-b | Reduced bone mass | [32,33] | Tric-b | No incorporation of collagen in the matrix; matrix insufficiency | No enough information | [40,41] |
XV | WNT1 | Reduced bone mass; reduced bone strength; fractures; increased ductility | [32,33] | sw/sw | Bone fragility; low bone mass | No enough information | [42] |
XVI | CREB3L1 | Reduced bone mass and fractures | [32,33] | CREB3L1 KO | Severe osteopenia; reduced type I collagen | No enough information | [43] |
+/- stand for positive mimicry of the OI type symptoms in humans (+) or negative mimicry of OI type symptoms in humans (-). OI: Osteogenesis Imperfecta; KO: Knock-out; ECM: Extracellular matrix.