Table 2.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes in Parkinson’s disease modeling

Cell lines	Differentiated types	Phenotype demonstrated	Ref.
Bone marrow 2-3(BM2-3) hiPSCs	Astrocytes/DA neurons coculture system	Elevated DA neuron identities Stablization of mitochondrial function Downregulation of mitoROS Increased mitochondrial length (normalized to non-co-culture DA neurons)	[88]
iPSCs and ESCs	Astrocytes/DA neurons coculture system	Non-activated astrocytes co-culture system improved DA neurons survival Non-activated astrocytes co-culture system increased DA neurons neurite lengths (normalized to inflammatory-activated astrocytes coculture system)	[89]
LRRK2 mutant and normal iPSCs	PD Astrocytes/normal DA neurons coculture system	Non-cell-autonomous damage is triggered by impaired autophagy in PD astrocytes Dysfunctional PD astrocytes accumulate and transfer α-synuclein to healthy DA neurons CMA activator drug prevents α-synuclein accumulation and neurodegeneration (normalized to the single culture system)	[90]

iPSCs: Induced pluripotent stem cells; ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; hiPSCs: Human induced pluripotent stem cells; PD: Parkinson’s disease; DA: Dopaminergic.