Table 1.
Vaccines undergoing development and clinical testing for ZIKV.
| Vaccine Developer/Collaborator | Vaccine/Clinical Trial | Pre-Clinical Assays | Clinical Assays | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccine Research Center (NIAID) | DNA NCT02840487 NCT02996461 NCT03110770 |
Neutralization (reporter virus particle, focus-reduction, and ELISA MN50)); ELISA with subviral particles; immunogenicity in Balb/c and C5BL/6 mice; immunogenicity and efficacy in NHP’s | Neutralization (reporter virus particle); CMI (intracellular cytokine staining) | [12,13] |
| GeneOne Life Sciences/Inovio Pharmaceuticals, The Wistar Institute | DNA NCT02809443 |
Neutralization (PRNT50); ELISA (E-specific); CMI (intracellular cytokine staining, IFN ELISpot); immunogenicity and efficacy in C57BL/6 and IFNAR-/- mice; immunogenicity in NHPs | Neutralization (immunofluorescense MN50); ELISA; CMI (IFN ELISpot); passive protection in IFNAR mice using vaccinee sera | [14,15] |
| WRAIR, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, NIAID | Inactivated NCT02963909 NCT02952833 NCT02937233 NCT03008122 |
Neutralization (ELISA MN50); CMI (ELISpot, Intracellular cytokine staining); efficacy in Balb/c mice and NHPs; ELISA (E-specific); passive protection in NHPs | Neutralization (ELISA MN50); passive protection in mice using vaccinee sera | [16,17,18,19] |
| Bharat Biotech | Inactivated CTRI/2017/05/008539 |
Neutralization (PRNT50); ELISA (inactivated vaccine-specific); efficacy in AG129 mice; immunogenicity in Balb/c mice; passive immunization in Balb/c mice | NP1 | [20] |
| Takeda | Inactivated NCT03343626 |
NP | NP | |
| Valneva/EmergentBiosolutions | Inactivated NCT03425149 |
NP | NP | |
| Valera/Moderna | mRNA NCT03014089 |
Neutralization (PRNT50, FRNT50, reporter virus particle) | NP | [21] |
| Themis | Measles-vectored NCT02996890 |
NP | NP | |
| NIAID/NIH | Live-attenuated (chimeric) NCT03611946 |
NP | NP | |
| Janssen | Vectored Ad26 E/M NCT03356561 |
Neutralization (FRNT50); ELISA (E-specific); CMI (IFN ELISpot; intracellular cytokine staining); immunogenicity and challenge in Balb/c mice; immunogenicity and challenge in rhesus macaques | NP | [17,19,22] |
1 NP: Not published.